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When eaten in large amounts (and it’s hard to eat them any other way) they have also been linked to a whole host of conditions, from depression to asthma to heart disease to gastrointestinal disorders.
当大量食用超加工食品时(而且很难以其他方式摄入)，它们还与一系列从抑郁症、哮喘、心脏病到胃肠功能紊乱的疾病有关。
In 2018, a study from France – following more than 100,000 adults – found that a 10% increase in the proportion of UPFs in someone’s diet led to a higher overall cancer risk.
2018年，法国的一项研究对超过10万名成年人进行了调查，发现饮食中超加工食品的比例增加10%会导致整体患癌风险增加。
“Ultra-processed” has emerged as the most persuasive new metric for measuring what has gone wrong with modern food.
“超加工”已经成为衡量现代食品问题的最具说服力的新指标。
Why should food processing matter for our health?
为什么食品加工对我们的健康有重大影响?
“Processed food” is a blurry term and for years, the food industry has exploited these blurred lines as a way to defend its additive-laden products.
“加工食品”是一个模糊术语，多年来，食品行业一直利用这些模糊的界限来为其满是添加剂的产品辩护。
Unless you grow, forage or catch all your own food, almost everything you consume has been processed to some extent.
除非你自己种植、采摘所有的食物，否则，在某种程度上，你所食用的几乎所有东西都经过了加工。
A pint of milk is pasteurised, a pea may be frozen.
一品脱牛奶是经过巴氏消毒的，一粒豌豆可能是冷冻过的。
Cooking is a process. Fermentation is a process.
烹饪是一次加工。发酵也是一次加工。
Artisanal, organic kimchi is a processed food, and so is the finest French goat’s cheese. No big deal.
手工制作的有机泡菜是一种加工食品，上好的法国山羊奶酪也是加工食品。没什么大不了的。
But UPFs are different. They are processed in ways that go far beyond cooking or fermentation, and they may also come plastered with health claims.
但超加工食品不同。它们的加工方式远超出了烹饪或发酵的范畴，而且它们还可能贴上健康声明来做掩饰。
Even a sugary multi-coloured breakfast cereal may state that it is “a good source of fibre” and “made with whole grains”.
即使是含糖的多色早餐麦片也可能会声称自己是“纤维优质来源”与“全谷物制作”。
Bettina Elias Siegel, the author of Kid Food: The Challenge of Feeding Children in a Highly Processed World, says that in the US, people tend to categorise food in a binary way.
《儿童食品: 在高度加工的世界里喂养儿童的挑战》一书的作者贝蒂娜·艾里亚斯·西格尔表示，在美国，人们倾向于用二分法对食物进行分类。
There is “junk food” and then there is everything else.
有“垃圾食品”，还有其他食品。
For Siegel, “ultra-processed” is a helpful tool for showing new parents that “there’s a huge difference between a cooked carrot and a bag of industrially produced, carrot-flavoured veggie puffs” aimed at toddlers, even if those veggie puffs are cynically marketed as “natural”.
对西格尔来说，“超加工”是一个有用的工具，可以向新手父母展示，给孩子食用的“煮熟的胡萝卜和一袋工业生产的胡萝卜味蔬菜泡芙之间存在着巨大差异”。即便这些蔬菜泡芙自私地打着“天然”的口号，也无法摆脱存在巨大差异的事实。
The concept of UPFs was born in the early years of this millennium when a Brazilian scientist called Carlos Monteiro noticed a paradox.
超加工食品的概念诞生于本世纪初，当时一位名叫卡洛斯·蒙泰罗的巴西科学家注意到了一个悖论。
People appeared to be buying less sugar, yet obesity and type 2 diabetes were going up.
虽然人们似乎减少了买糖，但肥胖症和二型糖尿病的病例却在增多。
A team of Brazilian nutrition researchers led by Monteiro, based at the university of Sao Paulo, had been tracking the nation’s diet since the 80s, asking households to record the foods they bought.
圣保罗大学一支由蒙泰罗领导的巴西营养研究小组，自上世纪80年代以来，一直在追踪巴西人的饮食，要求家庭记录他们购买的食物。
One of the biggest trends to jump out of the data was that, while the amount of sugar and oil people were buying was going down, their sugar consumption was vastly increasing, because of all of the ready-to-eat sugary products that were now available, from packaged cakes to chocolate breakfast cereal, that were easy to eat in large quantities without thinking about it.
跳出数据，我们可以看到，最大的趋势之一是，虽然人们购买糖和油的数量在减少，但糖分摄入量却在猛增，因为现在所有的即食含糖产品都可以买到，包括包装好的蛋糕以及巧克力早餐麦片，人们很容易不假思索摄入过多的量。
