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The second group is called “processed culinary ingredients”.
第二组称为“烹饪加工原料”。
These include butter and salt, sugar and lard, oil and flour – all used in small quantities with group 1 foods to make them more delicious: a pat of butter melting on broccoli, a sprinkling of salt on a piece of fish, a spoonful of sugar in a bowl of strawberries.
这些食物包括黄油和盐，糖和猪油，油和面粉——第一组食物中使用少量的第二组食物使其变得美味可口：融化在西蓝花上的一块黄油，撒在一片鱼上的一撮盐，放在一碗草莓里的一勺糖。
Next in the Nova system comes group 3, or “processed foods”.
新星系统的第三组是“加工食品”。
This category consists of foods that have been preserved, pickled, fermented or salted.
这一类食品包括经过长期保存、腌制、发酵的食品，或者说经过盐渍的食品。
Examples would be canned tomatoes and pulses, pickles, traditionally made bread (such as sourdough), smoked fish and cured meats.
例如，罐装西红柿与罐装豆类、泡菜、传统制作的面包(如酸面包)、熏鱼与腌肉。
Monteiro notes that when used sparingly, these processed foods can result in “delicious dishes” and nutritionally balanced meals.
蒙泰罗指出，如果使用少量，这些加工食品可以制成“美味的菜肴”和营养均衡的膳食。
The final category, group 4, is unlike any of the others.
最后一类(第四组)，不同于其他任何一类食物。
Group 4 foods tend to consist largely of the sugars, oils and starches from group 2, but instead of being used sparingly to make fresh food more delicious, these ingredients are now transformed through colours, emulsifiers, flavourings and other additives to become more palatable.
第四组食物往往主要由第二组食物中的糖、油和淀粉组成，但不是通过少量使用这些原料使新鲜食物变得美味，而是通过着色剂、乳化剂、调味料和其他添加剂来使其变得可口。
They contain ingredients unfamiliar to domestic kitchens such as soy protein isolate (in cereal bars or shakes with added protein) and “mechanically separated meat” (turkey hotdogs, sausage rolls).
这些食物含有国内厨房不常见的原料，比如大豆分离蛋白(蛋白谷物棒或蛋白奶昔)与“机械分离肉”(火鸡热狗、香肠卷)。
Group 4 foods differ from other foods not just in substance, but in use.
第四组食物与其他食物不仅在物质上，而且在用途上有所区别。
Because they are aggressively promoted and ready-to-eat, these highly profitable items have vast market advantages over the minimally processed foods in group 1.
由于促销力度大，而且是即食食品，这些高利润的产品比第一组中加工程度最低的食品具有巨大的市场优势。
Monteiro and his colleagues have observed from evidence around the world that these group 4 items are liable to “replace freshly made regular meals and dishes, with snacking any time, anywhere”.
蒙泰罗和他的同事们从世界各地收集的证据中观察到，第四组食物很可能“随时随地用零食取代新鲜现做的正餐和菜肴”。
For Monteiro, there is no doubt that these ultra-processed foods are implicated in obesity as well as a range of non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
对蒙泰罗来说，毫无疑问，这些超加工食品是造成肥胖以及心脏病和2型糖尿病等一系列非传染性疾病的原因。
Not everyone in the world of nutrition is convinced by the Nova system of food classification.
并不是营养学领域的所有人都信服这个食物分类新星系统。
Some critics of Monteiro have complained that ultra-processed is just another way to describe foods that are sugary or fatty or salty or low in fibre, or all of these at once.
一些蒙泰罗的批评者投诉道，“超加工食品”只是对高糖、高盐、高脂肪食物、或是低纤维食物的另一种描述，亦或是同时对所有这些食物的统称。
If you look at the UPFs that are consumed in the largest quantities, the majority of them take the form of sweet treats or sugary drinks.
如果你看看摄入最多的超加工食品，你会发现其中大多数都是甜食或含糖饮料。
The question is whether these foods would still be harmful if the levels of sugar and oil could be reduced.
问题是，如果糖和油的含量降低的话，这些食物是否仍然有害。
