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The presidents of three well-known American universities recently spoke to members of the U.S. Congress about antisemitism on college campuses.
美国三所知名大学的校长最近向美国国会议员谈到了大学校园中的反犹太主义。
Antisemitism is the word used to describe a hatred of Jewish people.
反犹太主义这个词用来形容对犹太人的仇恨。
The House's Committee on Education called Liz Magill of the University of Pennsylvania, Claudine Gay of Harvard and Sally Kornbluth of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for a five-hour hearing in Washington, D.C.
众议院教育委员会邀请了宾夕法尼亚大学的利兹·马吉尔、哈佛大学的克劳丁·盖伊和麻省理工学院的莎莉·科恩布鲁斯在华盛顿特区举行了长达五个小时的听证会。
The Republican-led committee chose the three leaders because their schools "have been at the center of the rise in antisemitic protests," a committee spokesperson said in a statement.
委员会发言人在一份声明中说，共和党领导的委员会之所以选择这三位校长，是因为他们所在的学校“一直处于不断增加的反犹太抗议活动的中心”。
The protests are related to the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas.
该抗议活动与以色列和哈马斯之间持续不断的冲突有关。
On October 7, Hamas fighters launched a surprise attack in Israel and killed over 1,200 Jewish people.
10月7日，哈马斯武装分子对以色列发动了突袭，造成1200多名犹太人死亡。
Since then, the conflict has led to the deaths of more than 18,000 people in the Palestinian territory of Gaza.
自那时以来，该冲突已导致巴勒斯坦领土加沙地带超过1.8万人死亡。
Protesters who supported Palestine used the word "intifada," an Arabic word for resistance, and the phrase "from the river to the sea."
支持巴勒斯坦的抗议者使用了阿拉伯语中的单词“intifada”，意思是抵抗，以及短语“from the river to the sea（从河到海，巴勒斯坦将获得自由）”。
Some people believe the phrase is a call for the death of all Jews.
有些人认为这个短语是在要求所有犹太人去死。
Representative Elise Stefanik is a Republican lawmaker from New York state.
众议员埃莉斯·斯特凡尼克是来自纽约州的共和党议员。
Stefanik, who went to Harvard, asked each university leader about how their school would react to calls to kill a large number of Jews, something described as genocide.
曾就读于哈佛大学的斯特凡尼克询问了每一所大学的校长，他们的学校将如何回应要求杀死大量犹太人的口号，即种族灭绝。
Stefanik asked Magill: "Does calling for the genocide of Jews violate Penn's rules or code of conduct? Yes or no?"
斯特凡尼克问马吉尔：“要求对犹太人进行种族灭绝是否违反了宾夕法尼亚大学的规定或行为准则？是还是不是？”
Magill did not answer "yes" or "no."
马吉尔没有回答“是”或“不是”。
Instead, she said the university only considers if "speech turns into conduct."
相反，她说这所大学只考虑“言论是否会转化为行为”。
By that, she meant the university respects an individual's right to free speech.
她的意思是，该大学尊重个人言论自由的权利。
But if the speech became "directed and severe, pervasive," as the president said, it would then be considered more serious.
但如果像给校长所说的那样，言论变得“定向、严肃、无处不在”，那么它就会被认为是更严肃的。
In response to a question about whether a student would be punished for their speech, Magill said it depended on "context."
在回答有关学生是否会因为他们的言论而受到惩罚的问题时，马吉尔说，这取决于“语境”。
When faced with the same questions from Stefanik, Gay of Harvard and Kornbluth of MIT also did not say "yes" or "no."
面对斯特凡尼克提出的同样的问题，哈佛大学的盖伊和麻省理工学院的科恩布鲁斯也没有回答是或不是。
Gay answered that it depended on the context.
盖伊回答说，这要视情况而定。
She added that when "speech crosses into conduct, that violates our policies."
她补充说，当“言论转变为行为时，就违反了我们的政策。”
And Kornbluth answered that she had not "heard calling for the genocide of Jews on our campus."
科恩布鲁斯回答说，她没有“听到有人在我们的校园里呼吁对犹太人进行种族灭绝”。
The answers brought serious criticism from national and state political leaders, students, and members of the college community.
这些回答引起了国家和州政治领导人、学生和大学社区成员的严重批评。
Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro, a Democrat, said Magill's answer was "unacceptable."
宾夕法尼亚州州长、民主党人乔希·夏皮罗表示，马吉尔的回答是“不可接受的”。
He said talk of genocide against any group of people "is all in the wrong... She needed to give a one-word answer."
他说，发表对任何群体进行种族灭绝的言论“都是错误的……她需要给出一个词的回答”。
A spokesman for President Joe Biden criticized the three college presidents' answers.
美国总统乔·拜登的发言人批评了三位大学校长的回答。
In a statement, he said they did not go far enough to condemn antisemitism on campuses.
他在一份声明中表示，他们在谴责校园里的反犹太主义方面做得还不够。
And calls for genocide go against "everything we represent as a country."
种族灭绝的呼声违背了“我们作为一个国家所代表的一切”。
All three university presidents later apologized for not speaking out against Jewish genocide.
这三位大学校长后来都为没有公开反对犹太人的种族灭绝呼声而道歉。
Magill called for a review of Penn's policies which she said have long been guided by the U.S. Constitution.
马吉尔呼吁对宾夕法尼亚大学的政策进行审查，她说，宾夕法尼亚大学的政策长期以来一直受到美国宪法的指导。
Gay wrote that "calls for violence or genocide against the Jewish community, or any religious or ethnic group are vile, they have no place at Harvard."
盖伊写道：“对犹太社区或任何宗教或种族群体实施暴力或种族灭绝的呼吁是卑鄙的，哈佛大学不允许出现这种言论。”
Free speech experts say the college presidents' answers at the hearing did follow the current understanding of the Constitution's right to free speech.
言论自由专家表示，这三位大学校长在听证会上的回答确实遵循了目前对宪法言论自由权利的理解。
Suzanne Nossell is the leader of the nonprofit PEN America, a free-expression organization.
苏珊娜·诺塞尔是非营利性自由表达组织美国笔会的领导人。
She said the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects "even deeply hateful speech."
她说，美国宪法第一修正案保护“甚至是极度仇恨的言论”。
The congressional hearing took place on December 5.
国会听证会于12月5日举行。
By December 9, Magill resigned under pressure from wealthy donors and alumni.
到12月9日，马吉尔迫于富有的捐赠者和校友的压力辞职。
The pressure had started earlier this autumn when the university permitted a meeting on campus despite charges that some speakers had shown antisemitic views in other comments.
这种压力始于今年秋天早些时候，当时该大学允许在校园内举行集会，尽管有些发言者被指控在其他评论中表现出反犹观点。
At MIT, the school's leadership group, called the MIT Corporation, announced its support for Kornbluth, who is Jewish, two days after the hearing.
在麻省理工学院，MIT董事会（该校的领导小组）在听证会两天后宣布支持科恩布鲁斯，她是犹太人。
It said in a statement, "She has done excellent work in leading our community, including in addressing antisemitism, Islamophobia, and other forms of hate ..."
它在一份声明中表示，“她在领导我们社区方面做得非常出色，包括解决反犹太主义、伊斯兰恐惧症和其他形式的仇恨……”
Gay faced pressure from Harvard's donors and alumni to step down.
盖伊面临着来自哈佛大学捐赠者和校友要求她辞职的压力。
But more than 600 Harvard professors voiced their support for her leadership.
但超过600名哈佛大学教授对她的领导能力表示支持。
They say that the school should not be influenced by political pressure.
他们表示，学校不应该受到政治压力的影响。
Laurence Tribe is a well-known law professor at Harvard.
劳伦斯·特雷布是哈佛大学著名的法学教授。
He was critical of Gay's answer at the hearing.
他对盖伊在听证会上的回答持批评态度。
But he supported her continued leadership.
但他支持她继续担任校长。
Tribe said that "it is dangerous for universities to be... bullied into micromanaging their policies."
特雷布说，“被迫对他们的政策进行微观管理对大学来说是危险的。”
On Tuesday, the Harvard leadership group announced that it would stand behind Gay and she would continue as the university's president.
周二，哈佛大学领导小组宣布支持盖伊，盖伊将会继续担任该校校长。
I'm Dan Friedell.
丹·弗里德尔为您播报。
译文为可可英语翻译，未经授权请勿转载！
