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Yeah, so in the short-term, we know that starvation and malnutrition can obviously be life-threatening.
我们知道饥饿和营养不良显然会在短期内危及生命。
Ok, so, another another question, what’s the difference between starvation and malnutrition?
好，另一个问题，饥饿和营养不良有什么区别?
I’ve actually seen this used interchangeably online.
实际上，我看到这两个词汇在网上是互换着使用。
Yeah, it's really a good question.
是的，这是个好问题。
So starvation is literally not getting enough food.
饥饿就是没有得到足够的食物。
Malnutrition is not getting an adequate amount of specific nutrients.
营养不良是指没有获得足够数量的特定营养素。
So malnutrition can include starvation, but it can also include having an imbalance of different food groups.
营养不良包括摄入不足(饥饿)，但也包括不同食物种类摄入的不平衡。
Malnourished children can also experience a number of different health problems, such as wasting and stunted growth.
营养不良的儿童还可能会出现许多不同的健康问题，例如消瘦和发育迟缓。
Ok, are these effects permanent? And also what’s the difference between stunting and wasting?
好，这些影响是永久性的吗? 发育迟缓和消瘦之间的区别是什么?
So wasting is basically an acute form malnutrition when your muscle and fat waste away.
消瘦是一种当身体消耗完肌肉和脂肪时所经历的急性营养不良症状。
But if that happens for a longer period of time, you can have stunting, which is a more chronic form of malnutrition.
但如果这种情况持续较长时间，就可能会发育迟缓，这是一种更长期的营养不良形式。
Ok, so stunting isn't reversible?
好，发育迟缓是不可逆转的?
So it depends on the severity of malnutrition, but generally, yes, stunting is not reversible.
是否可以逆转取决于营养不良的严重程度，但总的来说，发育迟缓是不可逆转的。
And malnutrition can also have life-threatening complications such as severe anemia, diarrhea or even sepsis.
营养不良还可能导致危及生命的并发症，如严重贫血、腹泻甚至败血症。
Wow, that’s incredibly sobering. I mean, I also want to know about down the road—can it cause problems later in life?
真是触目惊心。我也想知道这会对未来的生活造成问题吗？
Yeah, that's a great question. So even after children return to normal nutrition, they continue to show health issues like months or years later and that include heart disease, high blood pressure and metabolic disease.
嗯，这是个好问题。即使儿童恢复正常营养几个月或几年后，他们仍会出现包括心脏病、高血压和代谢疾病在内的健康问题。
And even people who are exposed to famine before birth can be affected, right?
甚至那些在出生前就经历过饥荒的人也会受到影响，对吧?
There’s something that I was reading about called the Dutch Hunger Winter.
我读到过一个叫《荷兰饥饿严冬》的故事。
Yeah, exactly, so the Dutch Hunger Winter was a famine in the Netherlands from 1944 to 1945, during German occupation in World War II.
《荷兰荷兰饥饿严冬》是指1944年至1945年期间荷兰发生的大饥荒，当时德国在二战时期占领了荷兰。
There was actually a big study in 1976 of 300,000 men who were born during that time.
1976年有一项大型研究调查了30万名出生在那个时期的人。
The study found that individuals who were exposed to hunger during the first half of pregnancy while they were in the womb were more likely to be obese as adults than those who weren’t exposed to hunger or those who were exposed later in pregnancy.
研究发现，那些母亲在怀孕前半段接触过饥荒的人成年后比那些没有接触过饥荒或母亲在怀孕后期接触过饥荒的人更容易肥胖。
So being exposed to hunger as a developing fetus actually made people more likely to be overweight?
胎儿发育期间暴露在饥饿环境中实际上会使人更容易超重吗?
Other studies have found that men who were in the womb during that famine were also more likely to develop heart disease and not live as long as those born soon afterward.
其他研究发现，饥荒期间还孕育在子宫里的人长大后患心脏病的可能性更大，也没有晚一些出生的人寿命长。
What do scientists think could be responsible for these long-lasting effects?
科学家团队认为是什么导致了这些持久的影响呢?
Epigenetics. It’s basically the set of processes that turn parts of the genome on or off. And this normally happens is through something called DNA methylation.
答案是表观遗传学。它是一系列可以打开或关闭部分基因组的过程，通常通过一种叫做DNA甲基化的方式发生。
Studies of the Dutch Hunger Winter actually show that people who were exposed to famine during gestation had differences in DNA methylation 60 years later, compared with siblings who were born later on.
对《荷兰饥饿严冬》的研究表明，相比饥荒后出生的兄弟姐妹，在母亲妊娠期处在饥荒中的人 DNA 甲基化在 60 年后存在差异。
