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Section C
Directions: In this section, you will heara passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the secondtime, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have justheard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should checkwhat you have written.
Now listen to the passage.
Looking at the basic biological systems, the world is not doing very well.
Yet, economic indicators show the world is prospering.
Despite a slow start at the beginning of the eighties, global economic output increased by more than a fifth during the decade.
The economy grew, trade increased, and millions of new jobs were created.
How can biological indicators show the opposite of economic indicators?
The answer is that the economic indicators have a basic fault: they show no difference between resource uses that sustain progress and those uses that will hurt it.
The main measure of economic progress is the gross national product(GNP).
In simple terms, this totals the value of all goods and services produced and subtracts loss in value of factories and equipment.
Developed a half-century ago, GNP helped establish a common way among countries of measuring change in economic output.
For some time, this seemed to work reasonably well, but serious weaknesses are now appearing.
As indicated earlier, GNP includes loss in value of factories and equipment, but it does not take into account the loss of natural resources, including nonrenewable resources, such as oil， or renewable resources, such as forests.
This basic fault can produce a misleading sense of national economic health.
According to GNP, for example, countries that overcut forests actually do better than those that preserve their forests.
The trees cut down are counted as income but no subtraction is made for using up the forests.
