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invalid
a.（指法律上）无效的，作废的； 无可靠根据的，站不住脚的 n. （需要有人照顾的）病弱者，残疾者
Unless it is signed, a cheque is invalid.
支票除非签了字，否则是无效的。
The invalid is gathering strength.
这位病弱者体力正在逐渐恢复。
minimize
vt.（使）减少（或缩小）到最低限度； 极力贬低，对…做最低估计
One of the effective measures to minimize the dangers of driving is to teach people to obey all the traffic rules.
使发生车祸的机会减到最低的有效措施之一就是教育人们遵守一切交通规则。
obscure
a.不著名的，不重要的； 费解的，模糊不清的 vt. 使变模糊，掩盖
Jude, the Obscure is a masterpiece written by Thomas Hardy, one of the most famous English novelists.
《无名的裘德》是英国著名作家哈代的代表作。
One's success obscured his failures.
一个人的成功使他的失败显得微不足道。
The moon was obscured by dark clouds.
月亮被乌云遮住了。
participant
n.参与者，参加者
Susan B. Anthony, the American champion of woman's suffrage, was also a participant in the movement to end slavery.
苏珊·B. 安东尼是美国争取妇女参政的倡导者，也是废奴运动的参加者。
Persuasion
n.说服（力），劝说；信念，信仰
Parents are encouraged to rely on persuasion rather than punishment.
鼓励父母们依靠说服的方法而不要靠惩罚。
pretext
n.借口，托辞
Don't always use a headache as a pretext for not going to school!
不要老以头痛为借口不上学！
propel
vt.推进，推动；激励，驱使
The change in China is being propelled by the new economic upsurge.
新经济的浪潮正把中国的变革推向前进。
refreshment
n.（pl.）茶点，点心；（精力的）恢复，精神爽快
Ice cream is a good refreshment on a hot day.
冰激凌在热天是解暑提神的佳品。
Refreshments will be served after the meeting.
会后有茶点供应。
A spa bath in a hot tub is a good way to get refreshment after a busy day.
工作劳累了一天以后，在按摩浴缸里泡个澡，能让人的精力得到恢复。
revive
vt.使复苏 vi. 恢复
The drooping plants revived in the rain.
萎蔫的植物在雨中又恢复了生气。
Hot coffee revived me;I had been cold and tired.
热咖啡使又冷又累的我恢复了精力。
snatch
vt.夺，夺走；一下子拉，一把抓住；抓住机会做，抽空做 vi. （at）一把抓住 n. 片段
The thief snatched my handbag and ran off.
小偷一把夺走我的手提包便逃之夭夭。
During the exams, I can only sleep in snatches at night.
考试期间，夜晚我只能睡一小会儿觉。
subsidiary
a.辅助的，次要的，附设的n. 子公司，附属机构
The question of finance is subsidiary to the question of whether the project will be approved.
财务问题是这一项目是否获准的附带问题。
tempt
vt.吸引，引起…的兴趣；引诱，诱惑
The warm weather tempted us into going for a walk.
暖和的天气吸引我们去散步。
transition
n.过渡，转变
Women in menopausal disorders are subject to frequent transitions from high spirits to depression and anger.
有更年期综合征的女人常常是喜怒无常。
vicinity
n.周围地区，邻近地区
The two restaurants in close vicinity compete violently.
两家邻近餐厅竞争非常激烈。
vulnerable
a.易受伤的，脆弱的；易受攻击的，难防御的
Young birds are very vulnerable to predators.
幼小的鸟易受肉食动物伤害。
Young people are vulnerable to the influences of radio and television.
年轻人容易受广播和电视的影响。
warrant
n.授权令；（正当）理由，根据 vt. 证明…是正当（或有理）的
The Constitution guarantees that private homes will not be searched without a warrant.
宪法保证私人家宅没有搜查证不得任意搜查。
You had no warrant for doing that.
你那样做毫无道理。
