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Hello, today I'm going to talk about poverty.
大家好，今天我要谈谈贫困。
Poverty has become a critical issue in today's world.
贫困已成为当今世界的一个重大问题。
It concerns not only us sociologists, but also economists, politicians and business people.
贫困问题不仅让社会学家担忧，也让经济学家、政治家和商人担忧。
Poverty has been understood in many different ways.
划分贫困的方法多种多样。
One useful way is to distinguish between three degrees of poverty: extreme poverty, moderate poverty, and relative poverty.
一个有用的方法是区分三种程度的贫困：极度贫困、中度贫困和相对贫困。
The first type of poverty is extreme poverty; it's also called absolute poverty.
第一种贫困是极度贫困；它也被称为绝对贫困。
In extreme poverty, households cannot meet basic needs for survival.
极度贫困是指，家庭收入不能维持其基本的生存需要。
People are chronically hungry.
人们长期处于饥饿状态。
They are unable to access safe drinking water, let alone health care.
他们连安全的饮用水都喝不到，更别说拥有医疗了。
They cannot afford education for their children.
他们负担不起孩子的教育费用。
In short, people who live in extreme poverty do not have even the minimum resources to support themselves and their families.
简言之，处于极度贫困的人甚至连养活他自己和其家人的最低资源都没有。
Where does extreme poverty occur?
极度贫困会在哪里出现呢？
Well, you can find it only in developing countries.
那个，只有发展中国家才会有。
Well, what about moderate poverty?
那么，中度贫困会在哪里出现呢？
Unlike extreme poverty, moderate poverty generally refers to conditions of life in which basic needs are met but barely.
与极度贫困不同，中度贫困一般是指生活条件，基本的生存需要勉强得到满足。
People living in moderate poverty have the resources to keep themselves alive, but only at a very basic level.
中度贫困的人拥有生存下去的资源，但仅仅是最基本的水平。
For example, they may have access to drinking water, but not clean, safe drinking water.
比如，他们有饮用水可喝，但却是不干净、不安全的饮用水。
They may have a home to shelter themselves, but it does not have power supply, a telephone or plumbing.
他们有屋可住，但屋里没有电、电话或管道设施。
The third kind of poverty is relative poverty.
第三种贫困是相对贫困。
Relative poverty is generally considered to be a household income level, which is below a given proportion of average family income.
相对贫困通常被认为是家庭收入水平，它低于人均家庭收入的特定范围。
The relatively poor live in high-income countries, but they do not have a high income themselves.
相对贫困者虽然居住在高收入国家，但他们本身的收入却并不高。
The method of calculating the poverty line is different from country to country,
不同的国家有不同的计算贫困线的方法，
but we can say that basically a family living in relative poverty has less than a percentage of the average family income.
但基本上可以说，相对贫困家庭的收入要低于一定比例的人均家庭收入。
For example, in the United States, a family can be considered poor if their income is less than 50% of the national average family income.
例如，在美国，如果一个家庭的收入不及全国的人均家庭收入的一半，那它就是贫困家庭。
They can meet their basic needs, but they lack access to cultural guts, entertainment and recreation.
他们可以维持基本的需要，但却很难满足享受文化、娱乐活动和消遣的需要。
They also do not have access to quality health care, or other prerequisites for upward social mobility.
他们也不能享受优质的医疗，或缺少向上层社会流动的先决条件。
Well, I have briefly explained to you how poverty can be distinguished as extreme poverty, moderate poverty and relative poverty.
好了，我已向你们简要介绍了如何区分极度贫困、中度贫困和相对贫困。
We should keep these distinctions in mind when we research people's living conditions, either in the developing or the developed world.
日后，无论我们研究的是发展中国家人们的生活状况，还是研究发达国家人们的生活状况，都要记住这些区别。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
问题23至25是基于你刚才所听到的那段录音。
Question 23: What does the speaker do?
问题23：说话者是做什么的？
Question 24: Where does the speaker say we can find extreme poverty?
问题24：说话者说哪里会出现极度贫困？
Question 25: What do we learn about American people living in relative poverty?
问题25：我们了解到了相对贫困的美国人的什么信息？
译文属可可原创，仅供学习和交流使用，未经允许不得转载
