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词语辨析:few,a few与little,a little的用法异同

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1. few 和 a few 之后接可数名词的复数形式。few 表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义。比较:
His theory is very difficult, and few people understand it. 他的理论很深奥,没有几个人能懂。
His theory is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他的理论很深奥,但是有些人懂。

2. little 和 a little 之后接不可数名词,其区别跟 few 和 a few 之间的区别相似。如:
Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。
Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。

3. 一般说来,在 only, still, can, quite, not 等词之后通常用带有不定冠词的 a few 或 a little,而在 very, some, the, no, so, too 等词之后通常用不带冠词的 few 或 little。如:
He was not a little surprised. 他大为吃惊。
There’s only a little left. 只剩下一点点。
I have so little time to enjoy myself. 我娱乐时间很少。
Very few people understand what he said. 几乎没什么人懂他的话。

4.两者的比较等级变化分别为 few, fewer, fewest (后接可数名词复数),little, less, least (后接不可数名词)。如:
Who has the fewest mistakes? 谁的错误最少?
He is the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他尽管经验最少,但教得最好。
You ought to smoke fewer cigarettes and drink less beer. 你应该少抽烟,少喝啤酒。
注:在现代英语的非正式文体中,有时人们也将 less, least 用于复数名词前,不过这种用法有不少人反对,初学者不宜仿用。如:
There are fewer [less] cars on the road at night. 晚上路上的汽车要少些。

5. few 和 little 前除受不定冠词修饰表示肯定意义外,若受其他限定词的修饰也表肯定意义。如:
She was among the few who have read the book. 她是少数读过这本书的人之一。
Her few possessions were sold after her death. 她那点儿财产死后就被卖掉了。
The little of his work that I have seen seems excellent. 我所看到的他那一小部分工作似乎非常出色。
注:a man [person] of few words (沉默寡言的人)是习词,其中的 few 前不用冠词或其他限定词。

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