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Cuju(Ball-kicking)(1)
蹴鞠(1)
“Cu” means to kick, and “Ju” is a kind of ball in ancient China .made of leather and filled with hair
“蹴”意思是踢，鞠是中国古代皮制的球，球内填充有动物的毛或人的头发。
It is said this game was found in of the animals or people Huangdi times of four or flue thousand years ago.
据传，早在四五千年前的黄帝时代，蹴鞠运动就已存在。
“A Book about the Contents and Development of the Works Handed Down from the Western Han” and “Book of Xuanyuan Huangdi” by Liu Xiang describe it and say the purpose of ball kicking then was to train soldiers and select qualified people in the army. Ball-kicking activity that is actually recorded in history emerged in the Warring States Period.
汉代刘向的《别录》和《轩辕黄帝传》均有记载，并称当时蹴鞠的目的是为了更好地开展军事训练，选拔人才。有确切历史记载的蹴鞠运动产生于战国时期。
During the Warring States period，there was an orator, Su Qin，who advocated fighting against Qin state with the union of the other six states.
战国时期，辩士苏秦主张六国联合抗秦，
He visited the states，lobbying monarchs. Once he said to the king of Wei state,“Linzi is rich and strong，the people of the country play Yu，Se and zither，gamble on cockfighting and dog-fighting and play six-piece chess and ball-kicking game”.
他周游列国，四处游说。他向魏王游说到:“临淄甚富而实，其民无不吹竽鼓瑟，击筑弹琴，斗鸡走犬，六博踏鞠者。”
(It is this description about Cuju that the FIFA admits officially that football originates in China-in the Old Qi state of the Warring States.)
(正是这个原因，国际足联已明确承认：足球发源于中国——中国战国时期的齐国。)
When it came to the Han Dynasty，Cuju activity had been more and more thriving. Either the emperor or the humble，they loved it very much.
到了汉代，蹴鞠运动日趋兴旺。当时，无论帝王，还是普通百姓都爱好蹴鞠。
It’s recorded in “Book of Han” that Han Gaozu(the first emperor of Han dynasty )，Liu Bang was a ball-kicking lover.
据《汉书》记载，汉高祖刘邦就是蹴鞠爱好者。
He built the tremendous court named “Cu City” in the palace，which was surrounded by high walls.
他曾在宫中建造规模宏大的蹴鞠场，四周围以高墙，命名为“鞠城”。
Still it is recorded.the book“About Huo Qubing，Book of Han” that the general Huo Qubing headed the troops to fight with Xiongnu in the north during the reign of Emperor Wu.
另据《汉书·霍去病》记载，汉武大帝时，大将霍去病领兵北击匈奴。
Whenever the war was dumsy, and there were not enough food and money, Huo Qubing would lead the soldiers to play the game in order to encourage them.
每当战事不顺，粮饷不济时，他便会带领士兵蹴鞠，借以鼓舞士气。
During the period of Eastern and Western Han Dynasties，Cuju was popular not only in the palace, in the army，but also among the people.
两汉时期，宫廷、军队、民间盛行蹴鞠。
It is recorded in the book “Of Salt and Iron” by Huan Kuan that during the reign of Emperor Wendi of Han，people were encouraged to kick ball in the back streets and lanes.
桓宽的《盐铁论》，就有关于汉文帝统治时期创建“穷巷踏蹴”—普通民众在街巷中蹴鞠的记述。
It is obvious that at that time Cuju had rooted in the hearts of the people.Then a monograph “Cuju” appeared.
由此可见，蹴鞠运动在当时已是相当普及，并且出现了有关蹴鞠的专著—《蹴鞠》。
However, it is a pity that the competition rules of Cuju in the Han Dynasty are known little. One can learn it from the poem “An Inscription About Cuju”by Li You in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
东汉人李尤的《鞠城铭》一诗对汉代蹴鞠情形有大致的描述。其诗如下:
A ball and a court, Yin and Yang on the theory is based.
圆鞠方墙，仿象阴阳。
A net on each side of it, twelve doers of every team play.
法月衡对，二六相当。
Long and plain the court is，people do it with certain rules.
建长立平，其例有常。
No care whoever the players are，fair is theirs.
不以亲疏，不有阿私。
Calm the player should be，and complaint is in no need.
端心平意，莫怨其非。
Rules of Cuju’re serious，and the same of the country’s charge.
鞠政尤然，况乎执机。
The general idea of the poem is that the ball then is round，and the court is square. On each end of the court, there is a net like moon，and there are 12 players in each of the two teams.
诗文大意:球是圆的，场地是方的，场地的两端各有一个像月亮一样的球门遥遥相对，而参加比赛的人数是每队12人。
The referees are required fair. Thus，Cuju then is almost same to the modern football game.
对裁判的要求是不要有偏私，由此可见，当时的蹴鞠运动与现代足球运动大致相似。
