手机APP下载

您现在的位置: 首页 > 雅思 > 雅思阅读 > 雅思阅读辅导 > 正文

雅思阅读:Reviving Autopsy

来源:新东方在线 编辑:Rainbow   可可英语APP下载 |  可可官方微信:ikekenet

TECHNOLOGY advances not only through new inventions, but also by the imaginative application of old ones. And one of the most ancient forms of scientific investigation, the post-mortem autopsy, may be ripe for just such a technological upgrade. According to a paper in this week's Lancet, published by Ian Roberts of the John Radcliffe Hospital, in Oxford, it may soon be time to put away the scalpel and the retractor clamp, and to replace them with the body scanner.

  The study of death is never a cheerful topic, but it has gone through a particularly gloomy patch over the past few decades. A recent tally by America's Centres for Disease Control and Prevention showed that in 2007 only 8.5% of deaths in America were investigated by autopsy. In 1972 that figure was 19.3%. Britain's coroners are more active, but perhaps not more accurate. Twenty-two percent of deaths in the United Kingdom lead to an autopsy. According to a government review, however, one in four is of miserable quality. The upshot in both cases is not just that the cause of individual deaths may be misascribed. More seriously, data about the processes of disease are lost, and those diseases are thus not as well understood as they might have been. Squeamish relatives of the deceased, too, often do not like the idea of bodies being cut up at the behest of coroners. Britain's health department therefore commissioned Dr Roberts to study whether scanning dead bodies in the way that is routine for living ones would help. His conclusion is that it would.

  Rather than slicing the body with a knife, scanning slices them with radiation. Computerised tomography (CT) uses X-rays to collect information from many angles, and a lot of processing power to convert that information into cross-sectional images of a body's inner tissues. In forensic cases CT scans are often used to spot fractures and haemorrhages. Dr Roberts found them adept at noticing diseased arteries, as well. The other widespread scanning technique, magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI), uses radio waves and is best suited for exploring the detail of soft tissues.

  Though both of these technologies have been around for a long time, they have had only limited use in autopsies. America's authorities conduct CT scans of dead soldiers—but such scans are employed to augment traditional post mortems, not replace them. Some coroners in England, spurred on by the religious objections of Jews and Muslims, do allow scans rather than conventional autopsies in certain cases. But the accuracy of these scans is unknown. Dr Roberts is the first to provide data on whether scanning might replace conventional methods.

  He and his colleagues examined 182 bodies in Manchester and Oxford. Radiologists studied CT and MRI scans of these bodies, made diagnoses based on them, explained their confidence in these diagnoses, and judged whether the scans might thus preclude the need for a full autopsy. Within 12 hours of each scan, a pathologist then performed a conventional autopsy, so that Dr Roberts could compare the new methods with the old.

  The scans were far from perfect. The rate of discrepancy between the cause of death, as determined by radiology and as determined by conventional autopsy, was 32% for CT scans, 43% for MRI and 30% for a combination of CT and MRI. Most troubling, the scans had difficulty showing heart disease, a common killer. However, radiologists were good at identifying which diagnoses were sound and which needed to be re-evaluated by a full autopsy. When they felt confident in their diagnoses—which was the case for 34% of CT investigations and 42% of MRIs—the discrepancy between the results from scanning and those from autopsies was lower. For CT scans, it was just 16%.

  That is still a significant gap, of course. But not all of it is caused because traditional methods are better. For one body, for example, scanning revealed a lethal stroke that dissection missed.All this suggests that scans might play a useful role in determining causes of death. When a radiologist is confident in the diagnosis from a scan, a traditional autopsy might be unnecessary. When he is less confident, his scan could still be a useful guide for the wielder of the knife.

  Automating autopsies by using scanners might also make them cheaper, by speeding the process up. And it could be done with otherwise-redundant machines that have been replaced for use on live patients with modern devices which give off less radiation. That would get rid of the need to buy new kit to cope with the extra demand for scans. A thorough study of the costs of both approaches would be needed, of course, and traditional autopsies are unlikely to disappear completely. But for some deaths, a scan will likely prove better than a scalpel.

重点单词   查看全部解释    
conventional [kən'venʃənl]

想一想再看

adj. 传统的,惯例的,常规的

 
unnecessary [ʌn'nesisəri]

想一想再看

adj. 不必要的,多余的

 
stroke [strəuk]

想一想再看

n. 笔画,击打,一笔(画)连续的动作,中风,

联想记忆
thorough ['θʌrə]

想一想再看

adj. 彻底的,完全的,详尽的,精心的

 
imaginative [i'mædʒinətiv]

想一想再看

adj. 富于想象力的

 
control [kən'trəul]

想一想再看

n. 克制,控制,管制,操作装置
vt. 控制

 
patch [pætʃ]

想一想再看

n. 补丁,小片
vt. 修补,补缀

 
unknown ['ʌn'nəun]

想一想再看

adj. 未知的,不出名的

 
confident ['kɔnfidənt]

想一想再看

adj. 自信的,有信心的,有把握的
a

联想记忆
adept [ə'dept]

想一想再看

adj. 熟练的,老练的 n. 名手,专家

联想记忆


关键字: 阅读 雅思

发布评论我来说2句

    最新文章

    可可英语官方微信(微信号:ikekenet)

    每天向大家推送短小精悍的英语学习资料.

    添加方式1.扫描上方可可官方微信二维码。
    添加方式2.搜索微信号ikekenet添加即可。