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转向国内消费
The Shift to Domestic Consumption
到现在为止，中国资本密集型出口拉动增长的模式，运行的不错。但是导致了一些不平衡，也引起了中国政府的注意。
China’s capital intensive export led growth model has served it very well. But it has also led to the creation of a number of imbalances which the Chinese Government rightly recognises as requiring attention.
首先是社会上的不平等。中国几亿人口脱贫、人均GDP快速增长，这些努力值得称赞。但是，并不是所有人都分享到了经济增长的好处。经济学家指出，衡量收入是否平等的基尼系数从上世纪八十年代中期的零点三，上升到现在的零点四七。众所周知，上世纪八十年代末以来，城市收入最高的十分之一的人口与收入最低的十分之一的差距在扩大，从七倍扩大到二十多倍。城市人均收入是农村的三倍还要多。
The first of these is social inequality. China’s efforts to raise hundreds of millions of its citizens out of poverty rapidly increasing the per capita GDP of its citizens are impressive and commendable. However, the benefits of China’s massive growth have not been shared by all. Economists have noted that the Gini coefficient – a measure of overall income inequality – has increased from around 0.3 in the mid-1980s to 0.47 now. Since the late 1980s, the gap in urban income between the top 10 per cent and the bottom 10 per cent has widened from seven times to more than 20 times. Average per capita income is now more than three times that of rural areas.
澳大利亚欢迎中国政府提出的一系列，解决不平等问题的目标。其中有包括全部农村居民和三点五七亿城市居民的养老金计划，每年最低工资增长不低于百分之十三，还有，为低收入家庭建三千六百万套保障房。政府也会继续增加大教育投资，同时扩大医疗体系。这些政策，有助于缓解中国收入不平等的问题。居民也能降低储蓄，因为社会福利，变好了。收入分配、保障房、医疗和低收入人群工资的改善，以及城市中产阶级的扩大，有助于中国向消费拉动增长模式的转变。
Australia warmly welcomes the Chinese Government’s announcement of a range of key targets to tackle this inequality. Among them are: pension schemes to cover all rural residents and 357 million urban residents; an increase in the minimum wage by no less than 13 per cent per year; and in housing, the construction and renovation of 36 million apartments for low-income families. Education spending will remain a priority, while the pharmaceuticals and healthcare system will be broadened to cover more of the population. These policies will help to ease the problems of income inequality in China. But they will also reduce the need for China’s citizens to maintain such a high rate of saving to compensate for inadequacies in the social-welfare system. Efforts to improve China’s system of income redistribution, access to social housing and health care and the wages of China’s lowest-income earners, coupled with the rapid growth in the size of China’s urban middle class, will certainly assist China to make the transition towards a consumption-led model of growth.
随着经济高速发展，中国面对的另一个挑战就是环境成本。作为“世界工厂”，中国是钢和铝等能源密集型商品的净出口国。根据耶鲁大学和哥伦比亚大学编的二零一零年环境绩效指数，综合考虑气候变化、空气污染、获取水资源等环境政策目标，中国排在全球第一百二十一位。
Another challenge China faces as a consequence of its phenomenal economic growth has been the environmental cost. China’s emergence as the ‘world factory’ has seen it become a net exporter of energy intensive goods such as steel and aluminium. According to the 2010 Environmental Performance Index compiled by Yale University and Columbia University, China ranks 121st internationally for its performance against environmental policy goals such as climate change, air pollution and water access.
中国政府为此提出了以下计划：首先非化石能源占一次能源消费比重，提高到百分之十一点四。其次，单位GDP能耗降低百分之十六。再次，单位GDP二氧化碳排放降低百分之十七。最后，单位工业增加值用水量降低百分之三十。同时，中国政府也在提高核电和天然气发电所占比例。核电和天然气发电的碳排放比煤炭发电低。这些政策有助于中国转向可持续增长道路，有助于全球应对气候变化。
To address these problems, the Chinese Government has announced far-reaching plans: to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in China’s energy mix to 11.4 per cent of primary energy consumption; to cut energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16 per cent; to cut carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by 17 per cent; and to reduce water consumption per unit of value-added industrial output by 30 per cent. These policies complement existing efforts by the Chinese Government to increase the contribution to its energy mix of nuclear and gas-fired power generation, which are less carbon-intensive than coal. These will help underpin China’s efforts to transition China towards a more sustainable growth path – and to contribute to the global response to climate change.
