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Pro:The 19 century was the time that thought what we called: Realism developing in European in theater.
教授:19世纪是我们所谓思想的时代：现实主义在欧洲剧院得以发展。
Um.. to understand this thought, we first need to look at the early form of drama known as the well-made play,
为了理解这一思想，我们首先需要研究早期被称作“佳构剧”的戏剧形式，
which basically was a pattern for constructing plays,
这是一种构成戏剧最基本的形式，
plays that the beginning with some early 19 century's comedies in France proved very successful commercially.
这些戏剧以19世纪早期法国戏剧为代表在商业上最为成功。
The dramatic devises use here word actually anything new, they have been around for centuries.
这些戏剧性的发明并不是什么新鲜东西，它们存在已久。
But the formula for well-made play required certain elements being included,
但是佳构剧的规则需要遵循一些特定排列的元素，
in a particular order, and most importantly, that everything in the plays be logically connected.
并且最重要的是剧中的每一情节都要在逻辑上紧密相连。
In fact, some of the player writes would start by writing the end of the play.
事实上，一些作品的编剧经常会在一开始就把结尾写好。
And the word 'backward' toward the beginning, just to make sure each event let logically from what has gone before.
此外倒叙一词就是为了确保全剧能够与之前发生的情节保持逻辑上的一致。
Ok, what are the necessary elements of well-made play?
好了，佳构剧有哪些必备元素呢？
Well, the first is logical exposition.
首先是逻辑叙述。
Exposition is whatever background information you have to review to the audience.
叙述是为了说明一切观众需要知道的背景信息。
So, they all understand what is going on.
那么这样他们就会明白到底发生了什么。
Before this time, exposition might come from the actors simply giving speeches.
在这之前，叙述仅仅是以一名演员做演讲的形式进行的。
Someone might watch out the stage and see:lyric quotation.
这些人会走到舞台上说：台词引用，
And until all about the felting family of Romeo and Julie,
一直到罗密欧与朱丽叶两个宿敌的家庭出现。
but for the well-made play, even the exposition had to be logic, believable.
但是对于佳构剧来说，即便是叙述，也必须符合逻辑，令人信服。
So, for example, you might have two servants gossiping as they are cleaning the house.
比如说你可能会看见两个佣人一边收拾房子一边闲谈，
And one says, Oh, what a shame master sound still not married.
而一人说道：“怎么主人的儿子还没结婚？”。
And the other might mention that a rumor about the mysterious a gentle men who just moved into the town with his beautiful daughter.
另外一人则会提到有关一位神秘的绅士和他的美丽女儿刚刚搬进城的谣言。
These comments are parts of the play logical exposition.
这些评论都是剧中逻辑叙述的一部分。
The next key elements of the well-made play refer to as the inciting incidents.
接下来的关键元素叫做煽动事件。
After we have the background information, we need a king moment to get things moving,
有了背景信息之后，我们需要一个关键点来使得整个剧情得以进展，
they really make the audience interested in what is happened to the characters we just heard about it.
它们必须使观众对我们刚刚听说的角色感兴趣。
So, for example, after the two servants review all this background information, we need the young man.
比如说，当两个佣人揭示了所有的背景信息之后，我们就需要者个年轻人上场。
Just is he first lies eyes on the beautiful woman, and he immediately falls in love.
他第一眼看到这个美丽姑娘就爱上了她。
This is the inciting incidence.
这就是煽动事件，
It sets off, the plot of the play.
它引发了接下来的剧情。
Now, the plot of well-made plays is usually driven by secrets.
现在，佳构剧的剧情通常都是由谜团驱使的。
Things, the audiences know, but the characters often don't know.
观众知道一些事情，但是剧中角色可是不清楚。
So, for example, the audience learned through a letter or through someone else's conversation. Who is the mysterious gentle man is,
比如说，观众通过一封信或者某人的对话中得知这个神秘的男子是谁，
and why he left the town many years before.
为什么他多年前离开了家乡。
But the young man doesn't know about this.
但是这个年轻人并不知道这些，
And the woman doesn't understand the ancient connection between her family and he is.
而这个女人也不知道他们两家之间这种遥远的联系。
Before the secret are reviewed to the main character,
在这个谜团揭晓之前，
the plot of the play perceived as the series of the sorts of the up and down moments.
该剧本的情节被称为跌宕起伏的时刻。
For example, the woman first appears not to even notice the young man,
比如这个女人起初看上去并未注意到这个年轻人，
and it seems to him like the end of the world.
而这对于小伙子来说就像世界末日一样。
But then, he learns that the she actually wants to meet him too.
但是接下来，他得知她也想见他。
So, life is wonderful.
所以说人生时时刻刻都精彩。
Then, if he tries to talk with her, maybe her father get furious, for no apparent reason.
接下来，如果他试着和她说话，那么可能她父亲会莫名其妙的极其愤怒，
So, they cannot see each other.
因此他们彼此不能相见。
But, just the young man has almost loved all hopes, he finds out, well you get the idea, the reversal the fortune continue,
但是就在这个男人几乎绝望之时，他发现时来运转了，
increasing the audience's tension and excitement.
这就使得观众更加紧张和激动。
They can wonder that everything is going to come out or care it not.
他们会很想知道事情的结局是好是坏。
Next come in, elements known as the:An obligatory scene.
接下来引入的元素叫做必要场景。
It's scene, a moment in which all the secrets are reviewed.
它是一种所有谜团都会揭晓的场景。
In generally, things turn out well for the hero and others we are care about, a happy ending of some sorts.
通常来说，那些英雄和我们关注的人物都会以好的结局收尾。
This became so popular that the playwright almost had to include it in every play which is why is called:the obligatory scene.
这实在是非常迎合大众以致于剧作家们不得不把它们纳入剧中成为必要场景。
And that's followed by the final dramatic element-the denouement or the resolution,
这之后就会出现最终最具戏剧性的元素-结局或者解决，
when all the lucent have to be tight up in the logical way.
这个时候所有已经明朗的情节一个个按照逻辑紧密相连。
Remember, the obligatory scene gives the audience emotional pleasure.
记住，必要场景给观众的是情感愉悦。
But the denouement offers the audience a logical conclusion.
而结局给观众的是逻辑结尾。
That's the subtle distinction we need to try very hard to keep in mind.
这是我们必须要极力分辨的细微差别。
So, as I said, the well-made play, this form of playwriting, became the base for realism in drama, and for a lot of very popular 19 century plays.
那么就像我说的一样，佳构剧成为了现实主义戏剧以及 19 世纪很多受欢迎戏剧的基石。
And also, a pattern we find in plots of later many play, and even movies that we see it today.
不仅如此，它还是之后很多喜剧情节的模式，甚至包括我们今天看的电影。
