5.Phantom Vibration Syndrome
5.震动幻觉综合征
If you use a smartphone or another electronic device that comes with a vibrate function, you will probably have experienced the "phantom vibration syndrome." Essentially, you feel a vibration in your pocket, take out the phone, and see that your phone is dark. Nothing has happened to cause the device to vibrate, and yet you could clearly feel it.
如果你使用智能手机，或是其他可以震动的电子产品，你可能就体验过"震动幻觉综合征"。基本上，你总觉得自己的口袋里有震动，然后掏出手机，却发现手机还是黑屏的。没发生什么能让手机震动的事，但是你就是能清楚地感受到震动。
In 2010, a study found that 68 percent of people using such devices experience these phantom vibrations on a regular basis. Possible explanations include the brain misinterpreting other sensory information, such as a slight movement in clothing, as vibration as it anticipates incoming communication through the device.
2010年，一项调查表明，68%的人在使用这样的电子产品时会经常性地产生震动幻觉。一种可能的解释是，大脑对感官接收的讯息产生了曲解，就像我们会不经意间改变穿着一样，我们渴望有人给我们打电话，而产生手机震动的幻觉。
4.脊梁骨发凉
Shivers down the spine, and the goosebumps that traditionally accompany them, happen in all kinds of situations. They usually occur during stressful moments, such as when a person is in danger. This affects the hypothalamus, the section of the brain that controls certain nervous system functions. It releases large amounts of adrenaline to help the body prepare to react to the situation. This causes muscles to contract and hair to stand on end, leading to goosebumps. The same reaction happens when a person feels intense emotions such as love, happiness, or shock. Music causes shivers down the spine because it induces strong emotions in humans, causing the brain to release adrenaline.
脊梁骨发凉常伴随着起鸡皮疙瘩，在各种情况下都有可能发生。它们通常出现在压力大的时候，比如说当人处于危险中。它会影响下丘脑的活动，下丘脑是大脑的组成部分，能控制特定的神经系统功能。下丘脑会释放大量的肾上腺激素，时刻为人体对所处情况作出迅速反应而准备。它会使肌肉收缩，汗毛竖起，最终起鸡皮疙瘩。这样的反应也会出现在人感受到强烈情感冲击的情况下，像是爱慕、幸福和震惊。音乐有时也让人脊梁骨发凉，是因为音乐饱含人类强烈的情感，使大脑释放出肾上腺素。
3.打哈欠
The act of yawning is so contagious that even reading about it can cause a person to yawn, but there has been much debate over what exactly causes it. One competing theory was that yawning allows the body to take in more oxygen for stressful events that are about to occur, like in sports, to make the body more alert. Other theories suggested that it may be a way to communicate boredom and tiredness and to pump vital fluid around the body.
打哈欠非常容易传染，即使你读到关于哈欠的文字，都可能会导致你打哈欠，针对这其中的原因向来就有不少争论。一种比较有力的说法是，打哈欠会使人们吸入更多的氧气，使身体提高警惕，以应对即将发生的压力事件，比如做运动。其他的理论认为，打哈欠可能是人体表达无聊和疲惫的一种方式，并且可以使体液流动到全身。
In 2014, researchers came up with a new theory that unified many of the contradictory elements of yawning to give a complete explanation. According to the study, yawning is the body's way of attempting to cool down the brain. The yawn takes cold air in and increases blood flow around the brain, carrying away excess heat. This theory also explains why so many situations cause yawning. The brain heats up in stressful situations and before exercise; it also increases in temperature as people grow tired. Yawns fight boredom by allowing the brain to be more alert.
2014年，研究者提出了一套全新的理论，使关于打哈欠的那些矛盾因素得到统一的解释。根据这项研究，打哈欠是人体冷却大脑的一种方式。打哈欠会使人吸入冷空气，加强身体的血液流动，同时带走多余的热量。这一理论也解释了为什么有那么多情况都能导致打哈欠。人在面对压力事件和做运动前，大脑会迅速升温；人体感到疲惫时，其温度也会上升。打哈欠的行为会赶走无聊感，使大脑提高警惕。
2.Alcohol-Induced Blackouts
2.酒精引发的失忆
It is a fairly common occurrence for those who have drunk a large amount of alcohol to be unable to remember parts of a night out (or the entire event). While these blackouts can happen with other drugs, they happen most frequently with alcohol.
很多人在喝了大量的酒后，经常会出现不记得昨晚的一部分事情（或者是整件事情）的现象。这种失去记忆的现象，也会由一些药物引起，但喝醉酒后出现得最频繁。
Studies have shown that alcohol prevents the brain from being able to transfer short-term memory to long-term memory, essentially stopping people from remembering recent events. This is because alcohol stops receptors in the hippocampus from releasing glutamate. This prevents neurons from being able to communicate with each other normally, blocking the transfer of memory. As such, the person becomes unable to create new memories. The memory can still exist somewhere in the brain, though, which explains why people can be reminded of an event from the previous night and then suddenly remember all about it.
研究表明，酒精会抑制大脑将短期记忆转化成长期记忆的功能，基本上会使人忘记最近发生的事情。这是因为，酒精能抑制大脑海马区的神经末梢释放谷氨酸盐，阻碍记忆的转换。这样一来，人体也就无法建立新的记忆。但是，这些记忆还是会在大脑的某个部分储存着，所以人们会在记起前一晚的一件事情的同时，突然记起所有的事情。
1.晕船
Seasickness, and other types of motion sickness, is a set of symptoms experienced by a large amount of people when they are traveling in vehicles such as ships and cars. The symptoms can include vomiting and dizziness.
晕船，或其他类型的晕动症，是很多人在搭乘诸如船和汽车等交通工具时出现的一系列不良症状。这些症状包括呕吐和头昏。
It happens because of a disconnect between what a person feels and sees. On a rocking boat, for example, the body senses the motion through the inner ear but cannot see the movement, as the entire boat appears to be still. This causes the brain to receive conflicting information. This triggers a psychological defense mechanism, because the most likely cause of a conflict between the senses are hallucinations brought about by poison. The nausea and vomiting are the body's way of trying to get rid of the toxins it thinks are affecting it.While medication and electronic devices can prevent seasickness, it can also be mitigated by looking at the horizon on a boat or out of the window in a car. This gives the eyes a visual cue to sense the motion, and so the brain doesn't receive confusing information.
这是由于人体的感觉和看到的景象产生了分歧。譬如，在一只摇摇晃晃的船上，人体通过内耳道感受到这种晃动，但人眼却看不到，因为整只船相对于人体是静止的。这导致大脑接收的信息产生矛盾，人体的心理防卫机制便一触即发，因为最能使信息产生矛盾的东西就是由药物带来的幻觉。恶心和呕吐就是人体想要脱离药物控制而进行的反抗。晕车药和电子设备能够阻止晕动症的发生，在船上观察远方的地平线和在车上看向窗户外，也能减轻晕动病的症状。这种方式能使人眼感受到晃动，大脑也就不会接收到矛盾的信息。
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