It may frustrate you that your friend Savannah can pack it in like a trucker, eschew any form of exercise and be model-thin. Meanwhile you're eating small portions of healthy foods, hitting the gym for 45 minutes daily and still fighting the battle of the bulge. Could your lack of weight-loss success be due to a slow metabolism? Or because you're big-boned? Or something else? Debates around weight, food and exercise have raged for decades. Can you be fat and fit? Does a fast or slow metabolism signal your body-weight destiny? How much dieting and exercise is enough or too much? What we know for sure is this: The number that shows up on the scale depends on the number of calories that you consume, burn up and store. The thing is, each of these factors may be affected by things initially beyond your control. Here are some of them.
眼瞅着你的朋友一卡车一卡车地往嘴里狂塞着零食，从不做任何运动却有着模特般的好身材，你一定感到万分沮丧。与此同时，你正吃着健康食品，分量还少的可怜，坚持每天泡45分钟健身房——却依旧在和身上的赘肉苦苦相博。你那掉不下来的体重是因为新陈代谢太慢，或者是因为你天生骨架大，还是有别的什么原因？这些年来，关于体重、食物和运动的争论愈演愈烈。一个胖子能保持健康么？新陈代谢的快慢是否就决定了体重增减的命运？节食和运动到什么程度才算正好或是过量？然而我们确定的一点是：体重秤上的数字决定于你摄入、消耗、储存的卡路里。关键在于，三者中的任何一环可能一开始就被你无法控制的事情所影响。下面前十君就给各位看官说说除了饮食和运动外还有哪些因素在影响着你的体重。
10.荷尔蒙水平变化
One of the top hormonal changes that can cause weight gain in women is menopause. About 35 percent of American women between 40 and 59 are obese. When women go through menopause, their estrogen levels drop. Animal studies show that estrogen helps control weight — lab animals whose estrogen levels declined tended to eat more and exercise less. Further, some experts believe a lack of estrogen can throw off the body's ability to properly use starches and blood sugar, which can also result in packed-on pounds.
对女性而言，更年期的到来是一种最容易导致发胖的荷尔蒙水平变化。据统计，处于40岁至59岁的美国女性中有35%的人体重超标。进入更年期后，女性的雌性激素迅速下降。动物实验表明雌性激素有助于控制体重——在实验中，雌性激素降低的动物有多吃少动的倾向。更进一步来看，一些专家认为缺乏雌性激素会使身体丧失合理使用淀粉和血糖的能力，而这些都会引起大幅的体重增加。
Another hormonal imbalance linked to increased fat deposits concerns leptin, a hormone that sends signals to your body that you're full. People who consume too much fructose in their diets (both from natural foods, such as fruit, and from processed foods) can end up with too much leptin in their bodies. Too much of anything isn't good; when your body has too much leptin in it, your brain ignores its signals. Thus you don't realize you're full, and you keep eating.
另一个导致脂肪堆积的荷尔蒙因素是瘦蛋白不调。瘦蛋白这种荷尔蒙能对身体发出“吃饱了”的信号。如果一个人在日常饮食中摄入太多果糖（包括从水果这样的天然食品和其他加工食品中摄入）那么就会导致体内含有的瘦蛋白过量。凡事过度皆有害处——假如体内有太多瘦蛋白，大脑就会忽略它发出的“吃饱了”的信号。所以你会不停地吃吃吃，压根没感觉到自己已经饱了。
9.水分滞留
Your body can retain water for many different reasons. And if it does, that translates into higher numbers on the scale. One big cause of water retention is the type of food you eat. Fatty and salty foods, in particular, can cause your body to hold on to water. And the amount you retain is tied to how much activity you get during that same day. If you ate a lot of salty foods, but exercised an hour or two, you might not retain any excess water. But if you ate those same salty foods and didn't exercise (where you can sweat out water), you might end the day up a few pounds. In fact, your body can store as much as 5 extra pounds (2 kilograms) of water per day.
水分滞留在你体内的原因多种多样。如果真的出现了这种情况，那么体重秤上的数字有一部分都是水的重量。食物的种类是导致水分滞留的一大原因。尤其是高脂高盐的食物——它们会让你体内更易滞留水分。体内滞留多少水分取决于你在储水的当天做了多少运动。如果你那天吃了许多过咸的食物但之后运动了一两个小时，那多半不会滞留过量的水分。然而，如果你吃了等量的高盐食物却没有运动（因为运动能出汗排水），你这天的体重可能会多出几磅。事实上，你的身体一天最多能储存5磅（约两千克）多余的水分。
So how can you tell if you're retaining water versus gaining weight? Water retention pounds can come on in a single day, so if your weight suddenly shoots up within 24 hours, that's a likely culprit. You may also notice a swollen abdomen, and/or swelling in the ankles, fingers, feet and face. If you're prone to water retention, limit the amount of sodium you ingest to 1,000 milligrams per day. You can also try using natural diuretics, which include lemon water and grapefruit. But most important, make sure you drink eight glasses or 2 liters of fluid a day (not just water but juices, food and fruits also count toward the total). Paradoxically, the more water you drink, the less your body will retain.
那么你该如何辨别自己到底是长胖了还是体内有水分滞留呢？水分滞留导致的体重增加只在某一天出现。如果你发现24小时内体重飚增，那么水分滞留大概就是罪魁祸首。你还会发现肚皮有些浮肿，或者关节、手指、双脚和面部也可能水肿。如果你是容易滞留水分的体质，最好将每日钠含量摄入限制在1000毫克以下。你也可以试试柠檬水和葡萄柚这类天然利尿剂。但最重要的是，确保自己每天饮用八杯水，也就是一天两升（不仅包括饮用水，还得算上果汁、主食和水果里所含的水分）。听起来有些矛盾，你喝的水越多，体内滞留的水分越少。
8.药物服用
Frustratingly, many of the drugs prescribed to treat conditions related to obesity, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, may actually pack on some pounds. So do many of the drugs prescribed for depression and mental disorders.
令人沮丧的是，许多与肥胖相关的疾病，如高血压和糖尿病等，治疗的药物其实可能会增加服药者的体重。多数治疗抑郁症和精神病的药物也是如此。
Of course you should take all necessary medications. But speak to your physician if you believe your medicine is causing you to burst your seams. There may be alternatives that are gentler on your body. Here are four pharmaceuticals that are associated with weight gain: Prozac. People on Prozac initially lose weight. But over a long time — more than 30 weeks, according to one study – they begin to gain again. People develop a tolerance for the fullness effect promoted by Prozac. Depakote (valproic acid). This drug, used to treat bipolar disorders and prevent seizures, affects the proteins associated with metabolism and appetite. In one study, 44 percent of women and 24 percent of men gained 11 pounds (5 kilograms) over a year on this drug. Deltasone (prednisone). An oral corticosteroid, it's associated with weight gain in 60 to 80 percent of users. Antihistamines, like Allegra and Zyrtec. The histamine blockers disrupt the enzymes that regulate food consumption. On the positive side, birth control pills do not cause weight gain, with the exception of the injectable progestin depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA).
当然病期必须服用的药物都不可擅自停止使用。如果觉得所用药物会导致伤口缝合处破裂，请告诉医生，他会建议你使用对身体更加温和的替代药物。这里我们列出四种会使体重增加的药物：百忧解。研究显示，服药者在初期体重会有所下降，但若长期服用（如超过30周），体重会再次上升。但人们也逐渐接受了这种药物带来的增重副作用。双丙戊酸钠这种药物可用来治疗双相障碍、防止癫痫发作，并对与新陈代谢和食欲相关的蛋白质有影响。在一项研究中，44%的女性和24%的男性在服药一年后增重11磅（5公斤）。去氢可的松一种口服类皮质固醇，其60%至80%的使用者体重都有所增加。抗组胺药，如阿莱格拉和仙特明这种组胺受体阻滞剂可破坏控制食物摄入量的酶。也并非所有药物都有此副作用，避孕药就不会导致体重增加，但注射孕激素醋酸甲孕酮除外。
7.甲状腺功能减退症
Your butterfly-shaped thyroid gland sits in the front of your neck. This little-heralded gland churns out hormones that regulate your metabolism. If it shoots out too many in your bloodstream, you may develop hyperthyroidism. If it shoots out too few hormones, you may get hypothyroidism. The latter is the more common of the two problems. Side effects include sluggishness, feelings of coldness, slower heart rate, feelings of exhaustion and depression, a swelling of the neck and weight gain. With both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, your hair may fall out.
蝶形甲状腺位于颈前，产生可调节新陈代谢的激素。如果它在你的血液中释放激素过多，你可能患甲状腺功能亢进症。相反，若激素太少，你可能会患甲状腺功能减退症，其中后者更为常见。其副作用包括思维呆滞、情感冷漠、心率过慢、常感沮丧疲惫、颈部肿胀以及体重增加。无论是甲状腺功能减退症还是甲状腺功能亢进症，都可能使你出现脱发症状。
Women, especially those over 60, are more likely get hypothyroidism than men — and it tends to run in families. It is often caused by Hashimoto's disease, an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks the thyroid gland. A simple blood test measuring the amount of TSH, or thyroid stimulating hormone, in your system can diagnose whether you suffer from a thyroid condition. If you have any reason to believe you do, ask your physician to conduct this blood test, which is fairly common. Look also at your neck in the mirror as you tip your head back and swallow some water. If you see a bulge below the Adam's apple, you might have a thyroid condition.
与男性相比，女性（尤其60岁以上的女性）更易患甲状腺功能衰退症——而且可能是家族症状。甲状腺功能衰退症往往由一种本体攻击甲状腺的自身免疫性疾病——桥本氏病引起。通过简单的血液测试测量体内TSH含量，就可诊断你是否患有甲状腺疾病。如果你实在怀疑自己患有此病，大可请医生对你进行这项血液测试。或在镜子里看着你的脖子，向后仰头时吞咽液体。若此时能在喉结下看到凸起，那你可能就患有甲状腺疾病了。
6.便秘
You're exercising. Carefully watching what you eat. Yet the scale has made a sudden jump upward, and your pants are a bit tight. How can this be? One thing you can check is your gut — digestive issues could be the cause. Some people have a bowel action every few hours, others just once a day. Whatever's your normal pattern, if it's not happening anymore, a backed-up system may be the reason behind those suddenly tight jeans.
如果你正在锻炼身体，每天对于饮食也很小心。然而体重却突然暴增，裤子也随之变紧。这怎么可能呢？你可以检查一下你的肠胃，看看是不是消化问题。有些人每隔几个小时就会肠蠕动，但也有些人每天只蠕动一次。无论你是属于哪一种，如果肠胃不再正常蠕动，那么你的消化体系就是让牛仔裤突然变紧的原因。
Irregularity may be due to a variety of factors. You may be dehydrated, not taking in enough fiber or lack the proper amount of good flora in your stomach. The easiest way to stay hydrated is to drink more fluids, but fruits contain a fair amount of water, as do (surprisingly) some meats like hamburger and chicken breasts. Load up on fiber by noshing on such foods as beans, bran and fruit. You also may want to take probiotics, which are live bacteria and yeasts that are helpful to your digestive system. Probiotics come in pill form and are also added to various types of foods.
消化不规律可能由各种各样的因素导致。可能是由于身体脱水，或者体内没有吸收足够的膳食纤维，亦或是肠道没有吸收足够的蔬菜营养。如果你想让身体保持水分，最简单的方法就是喝更多的液体，同时你还可以补充适量的水果，因为水果中也含有相当量的水分，令人惊讶的是一些肉类如汉堡包和鸡胸肉中也含有一定量的水分。你还可以吃大量富含膳食纤维的食品，如豆类、麸皮和水果。有时候你可能还需要补充益生菌，这是一种有助于消化系统的活菌和酵母菌。你可以从药品或者一些添加类食品中摄取这种益生菌。
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