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3.Fighting Crime With Health And Fitness
3.健康与健身打击犯罪
A mother drinking or smoking while pregnant can double or triple the odds of her baby becoming a violent offender later in life.
若女性在怀孕期间吸烟或酗酒，则其宝宝日后变成暴力罪犯的几率将会扩大两倍或三倍。
Lead exposure may also influence adult behavior. Poor nutrition at age three has been shown to cause more aggressive and antisocial behavior in the teenage years.
另外，铅暴露也会影响成人的行为。若儿童三岁时营养不良，则其在青少年时期会表现得更加好斗、孤僻。
With so many studies linking a child's environment to violent crime later in life, some are questioning if we can manipulate biology to prevent it.
这么多研究都把儿童的生活环境和其日后的暴力犯罪联系起来，有些还在疑惑我们是否能运用生物学来阻止犯罪行为。
Scientists are studying the effects of "biological intervention" to combat crime later in life. It doesn't have to involve medication.
科学家正在研究“生物干预”的效应，借此在以后打击犯罪。而且，这种干预无需药物治疗。
Studies have shown that better nutrition, more exercise, and cognitive stimulation from ages three to five reduces crime at age 23 by 35 percent.
研究表明，若儿童在三岁到五岁期间摄入更多的营养，进行更多的锻炼，得到更多的认知刺激，那么他/她23时犯罪的概率就会降低35%。
When nurses visit poor mothers and provide advice to reduce smoking and alcohol consumption, juvenile delinquency is cut in half 15 years later.
要是护士去探望那些糟糕的孕妈并给她们提供少烟少酒的建议，那么15年后青少年犯罪的几率就会减少一半。
Adults can be affected by nutrition, too. Studies in England and the Netherlands showed that supplementing the diets of young prisoners with omega-3, which is critical for proper brain structure and function, has reduced the incidence of serious crimes by 35 percent.
营养也会对成人造成影响。英国和荷兰的研究表明，给少年犯的膳食补充欧米伽-3脂肪酸有助于减少35%的严重犯罪事件，这种物质对正常大脑的结构及其功能有着至关重要的作用。
Studies like these suggest that reducing the likelihood of a child developing into an adult criminal may be as easy as providing good nutrition and avoiding toxins.
诸如此类的研究都表明，降低儿童长成成年罪犯的概率可能就跟保证营养、避免毒素这类事情一样容易。
2.A Matter Of The Heart
2.心脏问题
Studies have shown that teens with a low resting heart rate may be at risk of becoming violent offenders when they become adults.
研究表明，低静息心率的青少年在长大成人之后极有可能成为“暴力犯罪者”。
In Sweden, military service was mandatory until 2009. Among other tests, every young man had his heart rate measured when he was about 18.
在瑞典，直到2009年为止，服兵役都还是强制性的。在兵役测试项目中，每一个年轻人在其18岁时都要接受心率测试。
Researchers analyzed this data and divided the men into five groups based on their heart rate.
研究人员分析了这些数据，并根据他们的心率将其分为五组。
Surprisingly, those men with resting heart rates of no more than 60 beats per minute were 39 percent more likely to be convicted of a violent crime over the next few decades than the men with the highest heart rates of 83 or more beats per minute. Those violent crimes included murder, assault, and arson.
出人意料的是，那些心率低于60次/分钟的人与那些心率高于83/分钟相比，在将来的几十年中，前者比后者更有可能成为暴力犯罪者，确切的说，前者比后者多出了39%的可能性。上面所提及的“暴力事件”包括谋杀、袭击和纵火。
The group with the lowest resting heart rates was also 25 percent more likely to commit nonviolent crimes like drug use and 39 percent more likely to be injured by an assault or in an accident.
五组之中，静息心率最低的那一组，其中25%的人会去实施一些“非暴力犯罪事件”例如吸毒，而39%的人更容易在袭击或意外事件中手上。
To explain this, researchers have suggested that a person with a low resting heart rate may have unusually low levels of psychological arousal, meaning that they feel less awake and alert.
为了证实以上理论，研究人员认为，那些低静息心率人群的心理冲动水平与常人相较，异常低下，也就是说，他们可能没有常人那般清醒、警觉。
This may lead them to seek stimulating experiences like risky behaviors and crime.
这也许就是导致他们寻求“刺激经历”例如一系列冒险行为和犯罪活动的原因之一。
It may also mean that they have less of a reaction to mildly stressful experiences like getting your heart rate checked, which would mean that they are more fearless and prone to taking risks.
这也就意味着“轻微的紧张经历”无法“满足”他们，他们也不会因此去“确认”自己当时的心率，也就是说，他们实施“冒险事件”的恐惧感弱于常人，其犯罪的倾向性则强于常人。
1.It's Not All Genetic
1.遗传问题
While a person's biology may influence whether he becomes a criminal, it's not all about a person's genes.
人的先天生物结构也许会对其日后“是否会犯罪”产生一定的影响，但其实，基因也并不是绝对的决定因素。
As we mentioned earlier, scientist Jim Fallon was researching the minds of serial killers and psychopaths when he discovered that his brain scan was like that of a psychopathic serial killer.
正如我们前文提到的，科学家吉姆·法伦在研究连环杀手与精神病患者的大脑活动时，竟发现他自己的脑部扫描显像正是一个精神错乱的连环杀手无疑！
Assuming Fallon wasn't secretly murdering dozens of people, this type of finding suggests that genetic factors may only predispose a person to violence and psychopathic tendencies.
假设法伦没有秘密杀死数十人，此类研究结果则可表明，遗传因素也许只是会让某人先天具备实施暴力和心理变态的倾向。
When he realized that he had the mind of a killer, Fallon continued the experiment to check for other factors that are consistent with criminal behavior.
当他意识到自己拥有“杀手意识”时，他选择继续进行他的研究，以求证符合罪犯“犯罪行为”的其它因素。
His hypothesis was that killers often experience abuse or violence in their childhoods. For example, Ted Bundy was raised by his grandparents and originally thought that his mother was his sister.
法伦提出假设，他认为那些连环杀手在其童年时期，通常遭受过严重创伤，比如虐待或目睹残酷暴力。例如泰德·邦迪，他由他的祖父母抚养长大。祖父母以他的父母自居，而他的生母则扮演他的“姐姐”。
Once the truth was revealed, his cousin tormented him with that fact. His grandfather was also prone to violence.
但是后来事情真相败露，他的堂兄弟便不停拿这个“事实”去折磨他。此外，他的外祖父也有暴力倾向。
However, Fallon had grown up in a loving, caring household, which he thinks made all the difference.
然而，法伦本人却拥有一个充满爱心和关怀的家庭大环境，这也是在他的研究中他所认为的最至关重要的一点。
He's a prime example of how neither biology nor environmental factors can solely determine a person's fate.
所以说，单靠先天遗传因素和后天环境因素二者之一，并不能完全决定一个人的命运，法伦就是一个最好的例子。
