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美国威胁制裁中国大公司

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US threats to impose sanctions on big Chinese companies over Beijing’s support for North Korea have sparked a guessing game over the form such measures might take, and the potential fallout.

美国威胁要就北京方面支持朝鲜对中国大型公司施加制裁,这一威胁引发了围绕这些制裁措施可能采取的形式及其潜在后果的一场大猜测。
On Tuesday US president Donald Trump warned that the UN’s latest sanctions were “nothing compared to ultimately what will have to happen”, while Ed Royce, chairman of the House foreign affairs committee, said Washington should target “major Chinese banks doing business with North Korea”.
9月12日,美国总统唐纳德?特朗普(Donald Trump)警告说,联合国(UN)最新的对朝制裁“比起最终不得不发生的事情根本算不上什么”,而美国众议院外交事务委员会主席埃德?罗伊斯(Ed Royce)称,美国的目标应该是“与朝鲜有生意往来的大型中资银行”。
The Financial Times has examined the most likely targets for unilateral US action against Chinese groups and the potential blowback from Beijing. Here are some key questions.
英国《金融时报》研究了美国针对中资集团的单方面行动最有可能锁定的目标,以及北京方面可能会采取的反击。下面是一些关键问题。
Why is the US considering further unilateral action?
为什么美国考虑采取进一步的单方面行动?
Mr Trump has identified the reining in of North Korea’s nuclear programme as his top foreign policy priority and has consistently urged China to do more to put pressure on its Communist neighbour. But Pyongyang’s weapons trials have continued unabated, with the regime testing numerous missiles this year and its sixth and largest nuclear bomb this month.
特朗普已将遏制朝鲜核计划作为其外交政策的头等大事,并一直敦促中国采取更多行动向其共产主义邻邦施压。但平壤方面仍在继续马力全开地进行武器试验,该政权今年进行了多次导弹试验,本月更是进行了第六次也是威力最大的一次核爆试验。
While the UN on Monday agreed its strongest sanctions yet against the Kim Jong Un regime, the resolution won support from China and Russia only after stronger US proposals, including a total oil embargo, had been watered down.
9月11日当联合国通过对金正恩(Kim Jong Un)政权采取迄今为止最严厉制裁的决议时,中国和俄罗斯投了赞成票;但相对于美国之前提出的一些更严苛的提议(包括完全的石油禁运),此决议已有所折中。
Meanwhile, sanctions imposed by the US earlier this year on small Chinese companies such as Bank of Dandong, a regional lender based on the border with North Korea, have not inflicted significant pain on China.
与此同时,今年早些时候美国针对丹东银行(Bank of Dandong)等中国小型企业实施的一系列制裁措施,并没有让中国感到切肤之痛。丹东银行是一家位于中朝边境的地方银行。
“If the US only sanctions small players it confirms the view of many Chinese that the administration is a paper tiger,” says David Loevinger, former senior co-ordinator for China affairs at the US Treasury and managing director of emerging markets sovereign research at TCW Group. “The big question is whether the US will ‘go nuclear’ and cut off a medium-to-large Chinese bank from the US financial system.”
“如果美国只拿小企业开刀,就会坐实许多中国人的观点,即美国政府是只纸老虎,”前美国财政部中国事务高级协调员、现任TCW集团(TCW Group)新兴市场主权研究董事总经理的洛文杰(David Loevinger)说,“重要的是美国会不会‘动真格’、切断一家中到大型中资银行与美国金融体系的联系。”
Which Chinese companies are most likely to be targeted?
哪些中资公司最有可能成为目标?
Large state-owned banks and energy companies appear to be in the crosshairs. Mr Royce cited state-owned Agricultural Bank of China, the country’s third-largest lender by assets, and China Merchants Bank, the sixth-largest, as possible targets.
大型国有银行和能源公司似乎会被列为目标。罗伊斯提出,国有的中国农业银行(Agricultural Bank of China),以及招商银行(CMB)可能会成为目标。这两家银行分别是以资产计中国第三大和第六大银行。
Peter King, a US congressman from New York, has also called for Bank of China, the country’s fourth-largest, to be among those facing sanctions. “UN must impose oil embargo on N Korea ASAP,” he said last week on Twitter. “If China or Russia veto, US must sanction any1 doing business with NK, including Bank of China.”
纽约州国会议员彼德?金(Peter King)还提出,中国第四大银行中国银行(BoC)也是制裁的目标之一。“联合国必须尽快对北韩实施石油禁运,”他上周在Twitter上表示,“如果中国或者俄罗斯否决,美国必须制裁一切与北韩有业务往来者,包括中国银行。”
Chinese banks had $142bn in US assets at the end of March, with BoC accounting for the largest share, according to Federal Reserve data.
根据美联储(Fed)的数据,截至3月底,中资银行在美国拥有1420亿美元的资产,其中中国银行占的份额最大。
The Financial Times reported on Monday that branches of China’s five biggest banks had stopped opening new accounts for North Korean individuals and companies. But the impact of these moves was unclear, since much trade with North Korea occurs through Chinese intermediaries.
英国《金融时报》周一报道,中国五大行的各网点已停止为朝鲜个人和公司新开账户。但这些举措的效果还不清楚,因为大多数中朝贸易都是经由中国籍中间人完成的。
China National Petroleum Corp is another potential target. China supplies more than 90 per cent of North Korea’s crude oil imports, according to Eurasia Group. Most of that comes from CNPC.
中国石油天然气集团公司(China National Petroleum Corporation)是另一个潜在目标。根据欧亚集团(Eurasia Group)的数据,朝鲜90%的进口原油都是中国供应的。其中大多数来自中国石油天然气集团公司。
How exposed are Chinese companies?
中国公司遭受损失的风险有多高?
For China, much would depend on how US authorities calibrate their action. While the US assets of China’s six largest banks comprise only 1 per cent of their global total, a full shutdown of access to the US would have an outsized impact.
对中国而言,事情很大程度上取决于美国当局将如何行动。尽管中国六大银行在美国的资产只占它们全球总资产的1%,进入美国的通道完全关闭仍会对它们产生巨大的冲击。
The central role of the US dollar in global trade and investment requires foreign banks to clear payments through the US, even if they are doing business elsewhere. That requires a dollar clearing licence from US authorities.
美元在全球贸易和投资中占据核心地位,因此即使非美国银行是在美国以外的其他地方开展业务,也必须经由美国来结算支付。这就需要美国当局发放的美元结算许可证。
Sanctions against CNPC could also create collateral damage for US companies that work with the Chinese group. ExxonMobil, once led by now US secretary of state Rex Tillerson, sells 2.25m tonnes per year of liquid natural gas to CNPC’s Hong Kong-listed subsidiary PetroChina under a contract signed in 2009. Chevron, the second-largest US oil company, owns 49 per cent of a joint venture with PetroChina to develop a natural gas field in south-west China that began production in 2015.
制裁中国石油天然气集团公司也会对与其合作的美国公司造成连带伤害。根据2009年签署的一份合约,曾由现任美国国务卿的雷克斯?蒂勒森(Rex Tillerson)领导的埃克森美孚(ExxonMobil),每年向中国石油天然气集团公司在香港上市的子公司中石油(PetroChina)出售225万吨液化天然气。美国第二大石油公司雪佛龙(Chevron)与中石油的合资公司在中国西南部开发一块天然气田,雪佛龙持股49%,该项目从2015年开始产出天然气。
Unilateral sanctions against Russia over its invasion of Ukraine illustrate the danger. Those measures destroyed a series of multibillion deals between Exxon and Rosneft, which is owned by the Russian government, to develop energy reserves in the Arctic and Siberia.
美国就俄罗斯入侵乌克兰对俄罗斯实施的单边制裁,体现了这其中蕴含多大的危险。这些制裁举措让埃克森美孚与俄罗斯政府所有的俄罗斯石油公司(Rosneft)之间一系列开发北极和西伯利亚能源储备、数额达数十亿美元的协议化为泡影。
How might China respond?
中国可能会如何应对?
Experts say unilateral US moves against Chinese businesses would almost certainly spark retaliation against US companies, much of it unofficial.
专家们表示,美国对中国企业采取的单边行动几乎肯定会招致中国对美国公司的报复,其中大多数将是非官方的报复行动。
The campaign of “boycott diplomacy” and regulatory attacks on South Korean companies in response to Seoul’s decision to host a US missile shield offers a possible blueprint for China’s response.
在首尔决定部署美国导弹防御体系之后,中方展开了“抵制外交”,中国监管部门也出手打压韩国企业。这种做法为中国可能对美国行动作何反应提供了参照。

美国威胁制裁中国大公司.jpg

“Imposing US sanctions on big Chinese banks and companies would be a risky strategy. In general, they are not violating UN sanctions, so China will view it as a hostile act,” says David Dollar, former economic and financial emissary for the US Treasury in Beijing. “We can expect China to retaliate. It may do this in a subtle way, steering business away from US firms in a range of sectors such as aircraft, agriculture, and entertainment.”

“美国对大型中资银行和企业实施制裁将是一项危险的策略。总体上,它们并未违反联合国的制裁,因此中国会将其视为敌对举动,”美国财政部前驻北京经济和金融特使杜大伟(David Dollar)说,“我们可以预见中国会报复。这种报复可能会以一种不易察觉的方式进行,在航空、农业和娱乐等一系列领域拿走美国企业的生意。”
Both Mr Dollar and Mr Loevinger say US business interests would probably work behind the scenes to oppose harsh action against China.
但杜大伟和洛文杰都表示,美国商业利益很可能在幕后做工作,阻止对中国采取严厉行动。
“The US will still be reluctant to sanction large Chinese banks or [state-owned enterprises] given the risks of a strong negative reaction from Beijing and in international financial markets,” Scott Seaman and Evan Medeiros of Eurasia Group wrote in a note.
“考虑到北京和国际金融市场可能出现的强烈负面反应,美国还是会不太情愿制裁大型中资银行或者(国有企业)。”欧亚集团的斯科特?西曼(Scott Seaman)和麦艾文(Evan Medeiros)在一份简报中写道。

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