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SAT中涉及到写作角度的阅读题型

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SAT中涉及到写作角度的阅读题型

  修辞手法题(Rhetorical Device Question)

  SAT阅读考题重点考察考生对于美国大学教材的快速阅读能力、理解能力及判断能力。SAT阅读除了检测考生的词汇量外,还要考察考生的理解及判断的综合能力。然而无数考生遇到SAT阅读的一个难处是:即使认识了每一个单词,也不代表能答对文章的题目。这是因为考生并不清晰考题背后所考察的核心实质。考生们经常困惑的是:为什么这题我看懂了,还是选错了。其实不同的题型有不同的思维。就像笔者就此会谈到的SAT中涉及写作角度的阅读题型。将会揭秘此类题型的考察核心。

  故名思意,此题型考察的是从写作角度入手的思维实质。而这一方面也是考生容易忽视甚至完全无知的方面。纵观历年真题,细分此题型所涉及的角度,可分为三个方面:修辞手法,写作目的,写作手法。即三种题型:修辞手法题,写作手法题,写作目的题。从考题背后的考察核心思想入手,从本质上破解题目。而此章节重点阐述修辞手法题。

  从2005年3月SAT改革,修辞手法题悄然而入。此题型所考题数总量并不多,但是每年试卷上总会留下许些身影。从2005年3月到2010年5月,共15套真题,此题型出现10次,官方指南出现1次。在线官方试题0次。此题型标致性题干为rhetorical device。现在来看到一个真题(09年1月)例子:

  7 the quotation in lines 10-12 contains an example of which rhetorical device ?

  A Personification

  B Understatement

  C Wordplay

  D Paradox

  E Analogy

  此题型难倒考生有三点:看不懂选项,不理解选项中修辞手法运用,无法辨认文中所考内容的修辞。围绕这三个问题,逐一展开破解。

  总结历年真题中此题型涉及到的修辞:Simile(明喻),Metaphor(隐喻),Parallel structure(平行结构/排比),Analogy(类比),Understatement(低调陈述),Exaggerate/Hyperbole(夸张),Repetition(重复),Personification(拟人),Comparison and Contrast(对比),Euphemism(委婉语),Wordplay/Pun(双关),Paradox/Oxymoron(矛盾语),Allusion(典故),Irony(讽刺)。

  虽然看起来很多修辞需要辨认,但是在历年11次考题中修辞手法题只围绕最基本的的修辞在考。也就是重心放在:Metaphor(暗喻),Parallel structure(平行结构/排比),Analogy(类比),Repetition(重复)。那么只要把这几个弄清楚就好了。

  ① Metaphor(隐喻)

  为了详尽描述Metaphor,首先把与之对应的Simile了解清楚。《文学词汇词典》(A Dictionary of Literary Terms)对Simile是这样的定义:A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is explicit comparison (as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit ) recognizable by the use of words “like” or “as”.这个定义对明喻的界定既有权威性又有普遍性,笔者查了很多书,许多论述英语修辞的书籍或者文章在讲明喻时,其叙述都没有超出这个概念。根据定义,明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。说得通俗点,也就是打比方,即把要描述的事物——本体(A)用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体(B)联系一起。常用的比喻词有as (如),like(像),seem(似乎),as if(好像),as though(好像),such as(像……一样) 等。其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as…as B” 例如:The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing.

  Metaphor(隐喻):隐喻是一种比喻,它不用比喻词,直接把甲事物(喻体)当作乙事物(本体)来描述,其比喻关系隐含的句意,从而更生动,更生刻地说明事理,增强语言的表达力。Webster’s New World Dictionary: A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to anther.这个解释意思是说,隐喻是一种隐含的修辞格,其通常的基本用法是,表达某一事物的词或短语被用来表达另外一个事物。 比喻是隐含的,因此它的本体和喻体的关系必然十分紧密。于simile相比较,metaphor不但不需要暗示as,like之类的比喻词。A Dictionary of Literary Terms 对metaphor的定义为此:a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of anthor. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit. 下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较:

  1 life is like an isthmus between two eternities.(simile)

  生活像永恒的生死两段之间的峡道。(明喻)

  2 life is an an isthmus between two eternities.(metaphor)

  生活是永恒是生死两段之间的峡道。(隐喻)

  1 Happiness is like sunshine : it is made up of very little beams.(simile)

  幸福像阳光,它由非常细小的光束构成。(明喻)

  2 The sunshine of happiness is made up of very little beams. (metaphor)

  幸福的阳光由非常细小的光束构成。(隐喻)

  由此我们可以知道,隐喻就是直接把甲事物(喻体)当作乙事物(本体)来描述。

  真题(2005年3月sec5)

  Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage.

  Duke Ellington considered himself “the world’s greatest listener.” In music, hearing is all. Judging by the two or three thousand pieces of music Ellington wrote, he could probably hear a flea scratching itself and put that rhythm into one of his compositions. For him the sounds of the world were the ingredients he mixed into appetizers,main courses, and desserts to satisfy the appetite of his worldwide audience. He wasn’t averse to going out in a boat to catch the fish himself. He would raise the fowl himself. But when that musical meal appeared before you none of the drudgery showed.

  7 In lines 5-11 (“ For him….drudgery showed”), the author’s point is primarily developed through the use of

  A comparison and contrast

  B appeal to emotion

  C exaggeration

  D metaphor

  E humor

  理解定位:对于他而言谈,声音的世界是一种作料,他将此混入开胃菜,主食和甜点之中来满足观众的口味。他不反感自己亲自捕鱼。他甚至可以愿意自己亲自喂养家禽。只要音乐的餐点你面前出现,什么样的辛苦工作都不会再有了。定位行数的“the sounds of the world were the ingredients”和“musical meal”。是将音乐比喻成作料和餐点。所以答案选择的是D。

  ②Parallel structure/Parallelism(平行结构/排比)

  英语parallelism(平行)源于希腊语的parallelismos,意思是alongside one another (并排)。它是把结果相同或相似,意义相关或并重,语气一致成分平行排列的一种修辞方法。英语parallelism(平行)构成可以建立在各个语言层次,如单词,短语,从句和句子的等上面。其中尤其以三项式平行结构最为普遍。

  1 词的平行结构

  Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye.

  女人们跑了出来,涌向行军的队伍。她们有的号啕大哭,有的放松大笑,有的则与亲人吻别。

  2 短语平行结构

  这种平行结构中的短语,可以使介词短语,分词短语,不定式短语以及其他短语。

  It was not anger ,nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.

  那神情不是生气,不是惊讶,不是不满,不是厌恶,也不是她所预料的任何一种感情。

  3 从句的平行结构

  This is the man who has stirred three hundred million people to revolt, who has shaken the foundations of the british empire, and who has introduced into human politicis the strongest religious impetus of the last two thousand years.

  这就是那个人,他曾经鼓动三亿人们起来造反,动摇大英帝国的根基,并把过去两千年最强大的宗教势力引进人类的政治活动。

  4 句子平行结构

  Kind hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits.

  慈爱的心是花园,美好的思想是根茎,漂亮的语言是花朵,良好的行为是果实。

  现在看一道真题(2009年10月sec3)

  It is as Nikhil .that first semester ,that he grows a goatee and discovers musicians like Brian Eno and Elvis Costello and Charlie Parker.It is as Nikhil that he takes the train into Manhattan without Jonathan. It is as Nikhil that he introduces himself to people he meets.

  18 Lines 35-40(It is ….meets”) are notable chiefly for their use of

  A metaphor

  B paraphrase

  C exaggeration

  D parallel structure

  E appeal to emotion

  从定位的三句话发现开头都是It is as Nikhil that引导的句子,很明显是句子的平行结构。所以答案选D。

  ③Repetition(重复)

  Repetition(重复)最基本的用法是连续或间隔的使用同一单词,短语或者句子。The Cassel Dictionary of Literary and Language ( C. Ruse &M.Hopton) 对repetition的定义是:the use of the same word,phrase,speech sound etc. in a poem, speech etc.其意思也是说,在诗歌,话语的使用同样的词,短语,语言。Webster’s Ddictionary of English Language 对repetition 的解释更明确些:In rhetoric, the iteration or repeating of the same words, or of the meaning in different words, for the purpose of making a deeper impression on the audience,

  Eg: Farewell to the mountains high covered with snow!

  Farewell to the straths and green valleys below!

  Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods!

  Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods!

  真题(2009年5月sec7)

重点单词   查看全部解释    
notable ['nəutəbl]

想一想再看

adj. 显著的,著名的
n. 名人

联想记忆
implicit [im'plisit]

想一想再看

adj. 含蓄的,暗示的,固有的,无疑问的,无保留的,绝

联想记忆
explicit [iks'plisit]

想一想再看

adj. 明确的,详述的,明晰的,外在的

联想记忆
resemblance [ri'zembləns]

想一想再看

n. 相像,相似

联想记忆
disapproval [.disə'pru:vəl]

想一想再看

n. 不赞成

联想记忆
filter ['filtə]

想一想再看

n. 筛选,滤波器,过滤器,滤色镜
v. 过滤

联想记忆
rhythm ['riðəm,'riθəm]

想一想再看

n. 节奏,韵律,格律,节拍

 
deliberately [di'libəritli]

想一想再看

adv. 慎重地,故意地

 
revolt [ri'vəult]

想一想再看

n. 叛乱,反抗,反感
vi. 叛乱,起反感<

联想记忆
device [di'vais]

想一想再看

n. 装置,设计,策略,设备

 

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