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Concerns a few years ago that students would be forced to use stimulants in the fight for class rank and honors thus seem to be exaggerating, but the reality is equally disturbing: a lifestyle running contrary to all the work habits that higher education stands for.(1)____ There' s an intriguing historic precedent at the origins of amphetamines.(2)____ Introduced in 1938 under the trademark Pervitin as the answer to American Benzedrin, they were less an imposition of Nazi authorities and military commanders but a popular coping mechanism for stressed wartime soldiers and civilians like, according to a study by Dutch historians of medicine.(3)____(4)____ Many students and professionals were described Pervitin for performance, but others took it recreationally.(5)____ And there was even an early intimation of the 1960s drug culture. The physician-writer Gottfried Benn wanted amphetamines to be used by infantrymen but by students, to develop the human brain to new levels-how lucky he was that he didn't live to see the decline of his ideals among undergraduates.(6)____
The trouble with considering policy for performance-enhancing use of drugs like Adderall is in what was already apparent in the 1930s: people use them for similar purposes, sometimes productively and sometimes disastrously, something German physicians called "the toxic equation."(7)____(8)____ But the contemporary American debate has alarming side not present at the beginning, the idea that performance-enhancement is "cheating." Does that mean drinking at Starbucks is doping?(9)____ It's a counterproductive argument so it assumes that these drugs work consistently and give users an organic advantage, as opposed to the placebo effect.(10)____ It's much better to address the patterns that lead to abuse.
