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Educational philosophy has changed a great deal in the 50 years since I was in school. Back then, for example, I had the highest grades in school, but many of my teachers went out of their way to cut me down because I wouldn't get conceit.(1)____ Aside from the debated question of whether that worked, the point is that today, the educational establishment has the opposite philosophy.(2)____ They tend to tell all kids they are smart. I have seen elementary schools that most students are selected as "Honors Students."(3)____
Research clearly shows that if students learn best from their mistakes depend on a student's self-perception.(4)____(5)____ Research by Carol Dweck and colleagues at Stanford demonstrated that the students who are most likely to learn from their mistakes are those who don't think of themselves as smart as such and smart enough to get smarter.(6)____ They have a "growth mindset," a belief system they can get better if they will just invest in the time and effort.(7)____(8)____ In one of the group's experiments, half of students were repeatedly praised for "being smart," and these students were not good at learning from mistakes.(9)____ It is not clear why. Maybe they thought the problem was in the learning material, not in them. The other half of students were praised for effort and improvement and these students got better and made few mistakes.(10)____ Several months later, all students repeated a standardized test, and the "smart" students'scores dropped 20%, while the "growth mindset" students scored 30% higher.
