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Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.
请听一段心理学课程的演讲。教授正在讲行为主义。
Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism.
很多人都认为约翰·沃森是行为主义之父。
And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure.
如同其他的行为主义学家，沃森认为心理学家们应该只研究他们能观察并测量到的行为。
They’re not interested in mental processes.
他们对心理过程没有兴趣。
While a person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report.
一个人可以描述他的想法，但是没有人能用看或者听的方式来核实他报告的准确性。
But one thing you can observe is muscular habits.
但有一件事你可以观察到：肌肉习惯。
What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking.
沃森所做的就是观察肌肉习惯，因为他认为肌肉习惯是思考的表现形式。
One kind of habit that he studied are laryngeal habits.
他研究过的一种习惯是喉音习惯。
Watson thought laryngeal habits...you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box...
他认为那些习惯是一种思考的表达。
he thought those habits were an expression of thinking.
沃森认为喉音习惯，来自于喉部，换句话说，与声匣有关的，
He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself
他说，对于很小的孩子们来说，思考就是大声地对自己说话，
because they talk out loud even if they’re not trying to communicate with someone in particular.
因为他们即使在不跟特定的人交流的情况下也会大声说话。
As the individual matures,
当他们变成熟时，
that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit.
那种公开地自说自话变成了隐秘地自说自话，但是思考仍然以一种喉音习惯出现。
One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem,
一个能证明这一点的证据就是，当人们试图解决某个问题时，
they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region.
他们喉部的肌肉活动常常会增加。
That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—
如果你把电极放在喉咙上然后测量肌肉电位——肌肉活动——
you discover that when people are thinking, like if they’re diligently trying to solve a problem,
你会发现当人们思考的时候，比如他们试图解决某一个问题时，
that there is muscular activity in the throat region.
在喉部有肌肉活动。
So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—
所以，沃森说，解决问题，或者思考，可以被定义为一系列的行为——一组反应——
and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity.
在这里他观察的反应是喉部活动。
That’s what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit.
他称其为喉音习惯就这个意思。
Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding.
就在我思考我接下来要讲什么的时候，我喉部的肌肉正做出反应。
So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory...yes?
所以，思考可以被当做肌肉活动测量。现在我们来讲讲肌肉理论。有什么问题吗？
