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novel
n.小说 adj.新奇的
novelist
n.小说家
novelty
n.新颖
The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design.
这种引擎设计的新颖独特，且早已应用于欧洲汽船。
mechanisms-mechanism
n.机械, 结构
Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different.
虽然两者的细胞和分子结构有本质不同，但植物防御机制可与脊椎动物的免疫系统相比较。
industrialization
n.工业化
industrialized
adj.工业化的
industrialism
n.工业主义
preindustrial
adj.未工业化的
For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.
不管是工匠还是消费者，人们都将手工艺教义看成是反对工业化弊端的神奇力量。
independence
n.独立
independent
adj.独立自主的
The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day.
由于那些大种植园都坐落在能通航的河流旁边，每个种植园都有一个当时的小型船只能够靠泊的码头,所以它们都能保持独立性。
immigrants-immigrant
n.移民
Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities,
幼儿园、假期学校、课外活动、
and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students,
职业教育和咨询服务等将公立学校的影响扩大到学生的生活中，
many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants.
而在更大的工业城市中，许多学生都是移民的后代。
former
adj.从前的；前者的；在前的
When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity,
这样，戏剧作为一项独立活动便迈出了第一步，
and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.
其娱乐和审美价值开始逐渐取代人们先前对其神秘作用的关注。
content
n.内容
They advised film-makers on appropriate movie content.
关于电影内涵，他们向电影制作人提供建议。
bacteria
n.细菌
bacterial
adj.细菌的；细菌引起的
Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens,
植物的消极防御包括用物理和化学等障碍阻止病原体（比如细菌）进入，
such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader.
让入侵者产生该食物难吃的感觉或直接毒杀入侵者。
violin
n.小提琴
In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.
在所有低音家族中，小提琴组成现代交响乐的核心。
vessels-vessel
n.船；容器；血管；导管
Accidents involving oil tankers occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other vessels.
油轮事故通常包括触礁或与其它船只相撞。
tailed-tail
n.尾巴；尾部adj.尾部的；后部的
tail
n.尾巴；尾部adj.尾部的；后部的
tails
n.尾巴；尾部adj.尾部的；后部的
The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.
皮吉特湾地区的鹿群平衡关系已发生改变，哥伦比亚白尾鹿数量已超过其它种群。
ridge
n.屋脊, 山脊
The distance was more than 350 miles and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate.
距离超过350英里，我们要穿过绵延山脉，大片荒原与沼泽。
respond
v.回答；响应
corresponding
adj.符合的；一致的
respondents-respondent
n.应答者
The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.
此外，问卷中还给出了一些人们熟悉的基本表情，要求答卷者回答如果你是故事中的人物你会作出哪种基本表情。
principle
n.原则；主义
To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example
通过日常生活，阐述系统平衡的普遍原理。
prehistoric
adj.史前的
In Southwest France in the 1940's, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto,
20世纪40年代的法国西南部，一群玩耍的儿童发现了拉斯科岩洞画 ，
a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals.
由许多现在的岩洞组成，里面刻画了许多史前动物画像。
isolated-isolate
v.使隔离; 使绝缘
isolation
n.隔绝；孤立
The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
因辉格党控制市场经济，由民主党占多数人口的半自给农耕地区愈加孤立。
constant
adj.不变的; 坚决的; 持续的
constantly
adv.不断地
These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants.
这些寿命短暂的植物大量繁殖；这就是说，他们在母体的周围下一场种子雨。
