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1.Theneed foreffective public speaking will almostcertainly touch yousometime in your life. When it does, you want to be ready. But even ifyou never giveanotherspeechin your life, youstill have much to gain from studying public speaking. Your speech class willgiveyoutraininginresearching topics,organizing your ideas, andpresenting yourselfskillfully. The training is invaluable forevery type of communication.
1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎必定(almost certainly)需要做某种有影响力的(effective)公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你在生活中从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多(gain from)。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的(invaluable)。
2. There are many similaritiesbetweenpublic speakinganddaily conversation. The three major goals of speaking-to inform,to persuade,to entertain-are also the three major goals of everydayconversation.In conversation, almostwithout thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your messageto your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener.Theseare among the most important skillsyou will need for public speaking.
2、在公开演讲（publicspeaking）和日常交谈(daily conversation)之间有许多类似的东西(similarity)。演说的三个主要目的是：传达、说服、吸引，这些也是日常交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中，你已经不假思索地使用(employ)很多技巧。你有条理地(logically)组织你的观点，你根据听众修改信息（tailor to）。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈(feedback)中改变自己（adapt to）。这些也是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。(日常交流)
3. Of course, public speakingis also different fromconversation. First, public speaking ismore highlystructuredthan conversation. It usually imposes stricttime limitations on the speaker, and it requiresmore detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requiresmore formal language. Listeners reactnegativelyto speechesloadedwith slang, jargon, and bad grammar.Third, public speaking demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the largeraudience andwork atavoidingdistracting physicalmannerism and verbal habits.
3、当然，公开演说不同于交谈。首先，公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性(more highly structured)。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制(strict time limitations)，因此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备(more detailed preparation)。其次，公开演说需要使用更正式的语言（more formal language）。听众对充满(loaded with)俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极(react negatively to)。第三，公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势(delivery)。有影响力的(effective)演说者调整(adjust to)他的声调去面对大量的观众，力求(work at )避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作(physical mannerism)，力求避免习惯性口头语(verbal habit)。(公共讲演)
4. One of the major concerns of studentsin any speech classis stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers arenervousbeforemaking a speech. Your speech class willgive you an opportunityto gainconfidence andmakeyour nervousness workforyourather thanagainstyou. You willtake a big steptowardovercomingstagefrightifyou think positively, choose speech topicsyou reallycare about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicatingwith your audience. Like many students over the years, youtoo candevelop confidenceinyour speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一个演讲教室里，学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台(stage fright 怯场)。事实上，最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会，让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你（make your nervousness workfor you rather than against you）。如果你能这样积极地(positively)考虑，你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向(toward overcoming stagefright)迈进一大步：选择你真正关心的演讲主题，充分地(thoroughly)准备，集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同过去的(over the years)许多同学一样，你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心(developconfidence)。
5.Thespeech communication process as a whole includesseven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the personwhoinitiates a speechtransaction. Whateverthespeakercommunicates is themessage, which is sent by means of a particularchannel. The listener receivesthe communicated messageand may providefeedback to the speaker. Interference isanythingthatimpedes thecommunication of a message, and the situation is the time and placein whichspeechcommunication occurs. The interaction of theseseven elements is what determinesthe outcome in anyinstance of speech communication.
5、语言交流的过程，整体而言(as a whole)包括七个要素：演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰(interference)、和现场形态(situation)。演说者是演讲事件(transaction)的开始者。演说者传递的是信息，它必经某种特定沟通途径(by means ofa particular channel)传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息，并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍(impede)信息沟通的任何事物，而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用(interaction)决定了任何情况下演说交流的效果（outcome）。
6. Because speechmaking is a form ofpower, itcarries withitheavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers usesound meansto achieve sound goals. They dothisbybeingwell-informedabouttheir subjectsby beinghonest inwhatthey say,by usingsound evidence, andby employing valid reasoning.
6、因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着(carry with it)很重的道德责任(heavy ethical responsibility)。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述(informe about)他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的(sound)论据、以及通过正确的评论去做这件事（do this）。
daily conversation;everyday conversation; ordinary conversation; public speaking; speechmaking tailor to; adapt to;react to; adjust to
