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pragmatic
【考法 1】 adj. 实用主义的，务实的： a practical approach to problems and affairs
【例】 Pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal withsocial morality.(K. B. Clark) 务实的当权者不会有时间或者意向去处理社会道德的问题。--K. B. 克拉克‖a pragmatic man, not given to grand, visionary schemes 一个不迷恋花哨空想的计划，而更注重实际的人
【近】 down-to-earth, earthy, hardheaded, matter-of-fact, practical
【反】 fanciful, idealistic, impractical, unrealistic, utopian, visionary 幻想的，不务实的
【派】 pragmatism n. 实用主义，务实主义
refreshing
【考法 1】 adj. 令人心身振奋的，提神的： having a renewing effect on the state of the body or mind
【例】 A glass of cold water is very refreshing on such a hot day. 大热天里的一杯冰水真是让人心旷神怡。‖It is refreshing to hear some good news about him. 能听到他的好消息真是让人振奋。
【近】 bracing, cordial, invigorating, rejuvenating, restorative, reviving, stimulating, stimulative, vitalizing
【反】 deadening, debilitating, draining, enervating, enfeebling, exhausting, sapping, wearying 令人虚弱的
skittish .
【考法 1】 adj. 容易受到惊吓的，胆小的： easily frightened
【例】 The kitty is skittish around people she doesn't know. 小猫看到不认识的人就会显得特别胆小害怕。
【近】 fainthearted, fearful, fearsome, mousy, scary, timid, timorous, tremulous
【反】 adventuresome, adventurous, audacious, bold, daring, dashing, gutsy, venturesome, venturous 大胆的
【考法 2】 adj. 容易激动的： easily excited by nature
【例】 The skittish colt leapt up when we approached. 一看到我们靠近，小马驹就激动地猛跳起来。
【近】 flighty, fluttery, hyper, hyperactive, hyperkinetic, jittery, jumpy, nervous, skittery, spasmodic, spooky
【反】 imperturbable, nerveless, unexcitable, unflappable, unshakable 不为所动的，沉着的
【考法 3】 adj. 善变的，多变的： likely to change frequently, suddenly, or unexpectedly
【例】 The skittish housing market had both buyers and sellers on edge. 变幻莫测的房市让买家和卖家都坐立不安。
【近】 capricious, changeful, flickery, fluctuating, fluid, inconstant, mercurial, mutable, temperamental, uncertain, unstable, unsteady, volatile
【反】 changeless, constant, immutable, invariable, settled, stable, stationary, steady, unvarying 不变的
stigmatize .
【考法 1】 vt. 使蒙上污名： to characterize or brand as disgraceful or ignominious
【例】 Urban construction workers are often stigmatized by the rest of society as lazy and dirty. 城市里的建筑工人往往被社会里的其他人污蔑为是懒惰而肮脏的。
【近】 abase, debase, degrade, demean, discredit, disgrace, dishonor, foul, humiliate, shame, sink, smirch
【近】 aggrandize, canonize, deify, elevate, exalt 提升（名誉，声望等）
surpass .
【考法 1】 vt. 超越，强于： to become better, greater, or stronger than
【例】 She always tried to surpass her older brother at anything he did, which results in his diffidence. 她在任何一个方面都要比她哥哥优秀，由此导致了他自信心的匮乏。
【近】 beat, better, eclipse, exceed, excel, outclass, outmatch, outshine, outstrip, overtop, transcend
【反】 fall behind 落后
【考法 2】 vt. 突破（界限，纪录等）： to go beyond the limit of
【例】 The sales of the band's newest CD have surpassed the combined sales of its last two albums. 乐队新专辑的发售量甚至超过了前两张销售量的总和。
【近】 break, outreach, outrun, overpass, overreach, overrun, overstep
thrill .
【考法 1】 n. 强烈的兴奋感，快感： a pleasurably intense stimulation of the feelings
【例】 Everyone gets a real thrill out of the Independence Day fireworks. 每个人都因独立日的焰火表演而感到无比的兴奋。
【近】 bang, boot, exhilaration, frisson, jollies, kick, rush, titillation, wallop
【考法 2】 vt. 使兴奋，使激动： a pleasurably intense stimulation of the feelings
【例】 I was thrilled to hear that you got the promotion that you'd been so desperately wanting. 听到你终于获得了梦寐已久的升迁，我感到非常激动。
【近】 arouse, charge, electrify, excite, exhilarate, galvanize, intoxicate, provoke, stimulate, titillate, pump up
【反】 bore, jade, pall, tire, weary 使厌倦
【派】 thrilling adj. 刺激的；thriller n. 恐怖电影
timely
【考法 1】 adj. 及时的，无拖延的： done, carried out, or given without delay
【例】 When I order a pizza, I expect it to be delivered in a timely manner. 当我在外面点了披萨饼，我就希望它能按时送到。
【近】 immediate, punctual, speedy
【反】 belated, late, tardy 迟到的，延迟的
【考法 2】 adj. 恰到好处的，合乎适宜的： appropriate or adapted to the times or the occasion
【例】 Timely invitation to lunch that came just as I was starting to feel hungry. 正当我开始感到饥饿的时候，就有人适时地邀请我吃午饭了。
【近】 opportune, seasonable, well-timed
【反】 inopportune, unseasonable, untimely 不合时宜的
trifling .
【考法 1】 adj. 细微的，不重要的： lacking in significance or solid worth
【例】 Deciding what you want to do for a living is no trifling matter. 决定维持生计的行当可不是一件小事。‖trifling differences between the theatrical and DVD versions of the movie 影院版和 DVD 版电影当中的细微区别
【近】 frivolous, inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, minor, minute, negligible, nugatory, slight, trivial
【反】 consequential, eventful, important, meaningful, momentous, significant, substantial, weighty 重要的
abreast .
【考法 1】 adv. 并排地： beside one another with bodies in line
【例】 a group of youths riding four abreast 四个一排骑着车的孩子们
【近】 alongside, side by side
【反】 aimlessly, desultorily, erratically, haphazardly, irregularly, randomly, willy-nilly 随意地
【考法 2】 adj. 熟知的： up to a particular standard or level especially of knowledge of recent developments
【例】 She tried to keep abreast of the latest fashion trends. 她总是尽可能地跟上时尚的潮流。
【近】 acquainted, conversant, informed, knowledgeable, versed, well-informed
【反】 ignorant, unacquainted, unfamiliar, uninformed, unknowledgeable 无知的，不熟悉的
absent
【考法 1】 adj. 未出现的，缺乏的： not present, attending or existing
【例】 The city's usual stir of activity was conspicuously absent due to the report of an escaped lion from the zoo. 一则动物园狮子逃跑的消息让这座城市缺少往日的繁华。
【近】 away, lacking, missing, nonexistent, wanting
【反】 existent, present 存在的，出现的
【考法 2】 adj. 不专心的，走神的： lost in thought
【例】 seemed absent because he nodded but didn't say anything 他只点了点头但没说话，看起来像是走神了
【近】 abstracted, distracted, preoccupied
【反】 alert, vigilant, watchful, wary 警惕的；attentive, heedful, mindful 专注的
adj. 不切实际的，不实用的
