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When I was 13, I lost my grandfather to a silent heart attack.
当我13岁时，我的祖父由于隐性心脏病突然去世。
What happened to be more shocking was that at 75,
令人更加感叹的是那天他75岁，
grandpa was really normal, healthy and energetic, but he was diabetic.
我的祖父非常正常、健康、充满活力，但他患有糖尿病。
Learning all of this was so painful that I decided to go out on a war against this deadly killer and see what could be done.
理解这一切对我来说很痛苦，于是我决心和这个致命的疾病一战，看看能做到什么。
It was shocking to discover the results of recent studies that have shown
最近的研究揭露一个惊人的数据，
an estimate of nearly eight million people who die from heart attacks every year.
即将近800万人每年死于心脏病。
Heart attacks occur for many reasons, but most often, they occur when arteries get clogged,
心脏病发病原因很多，但在通常情况下，大部分原因是动脉堵塞，
blood flow is cut off and oxygen-starved cells in the heart muscles start to die.
血流受阻，心肌缺氧的细胞开始死亡。
You may know the common symptoms of a heart attack: chest pain, arm pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, et cetera ...
你或许知道心脏病的几个常见症状：胸痛，胳膊痛，呼吸短促，疲劳等...
but there is a type of heart attack that is quite common, just as deadly,
但有一种心脏病非常常见，同样致命，
but harder to detect because the symptoms are silent.
但更难检测，因为症状是隐性的。
People having silent heart attacks just don't realize what's happening, so they're not seeking medical attention,
患有隐形心脏病的人意识不到正在发生什么，所以他们不会要求医疗看护，
which means they're less likely to receive the treatment that they need at the critical moment.
这就意味着在关键的时刻他们不大可能得到所需的治疗。
And even if they do get to the hospital by chance, either before or after they are struck by a heart attack,
即使他们刚好去了医院，不管是犯病之前还是之后，
they might have to go through one or more of these time-consuming, expensive tests and treatments,
他们也许要经历不止一次的测验和治疗，费时且昂贵，
which are currently considered the gold standards of heart-attack diagnosis.
而这样的做法被看作是心脏病诊断的黄金标准。
The greater concern, however, is that these silent heart attacks account for nearly 45 percent of all heart attacks.
然而，更令人担忧的是，所有心脏病中45%是隐性心脏病。
Patients with diabetes and similar disorders suffer from nerve damage
患有糖尿病和相似失调疾病的患者神经严重受损，
that prevents them from feeling the sort of pain that usually signals to someone that he or she may be having a heart attack.
导致痛觉不灵敏，而这些痛觉是信号，提醒人们可能性的心脏病发作。
Which means they suffer the damage of a heart attack without even knowing or feeling anything.
这意味着当心脏病发作时，他们甚至无法察觉。
These already at-risk patients suffer from nerve damage, and they do not get immediate medical care.
这些高危病人神经受损，不能得到及时的医疗护理。
They do not know anything before an unlikely event is about to occur. My grandfather was an at-risk patient, too.
在这样的小概率事件发生前，他们一无所知。我的祖父也是高危病人。
I probed this issue further -- read as much as I could to understand the heart,
我进一步研究这个问题--阅读大量资料了解心脏，
met researchers and worked across labs in India.
与研究者会面并在印度各地实验室工作。
And finally, after three long years of persistent research,
最后，持续研究三年后，
what I have to share with the world today is a promising solution.
我要在今天分享一个有前途的解决方案。
A noninvasive device that is inexpensive, portable, wearable by at-risk patients at all times.
一个无创设备，不贵，易携带，高危病人可以一直佩戴。
It greatly reduces the need for a blood test and works 24/7, collecting and analyzing data at preset intervals.
它大大减少了验血的需要，全天候工作，在预设间隔时段收集分析数据。
And all this data is collected for a single purpose: detecting heart attacks as they occur.
收集这些数据只有一个目的：在心脏病发作时及时检测。
This is a very promising solution that might help us in the future.
这个设备大有希望，可以在未来帮助我们。
You may not know how intelligent your heart really is.
你也许不知道心脏有多聪明。
It tries to communicate to your body multiple times before failing, by indicating symptoms like chest pain.
它在停止工作前会和身体多次交流，比如显示胸痛等的症状。
These symptoms are triggered when the heart loses out on oxygen-rich blood flow.
这些症状的诱因是心脏得不到氧气充足的血流。
But remember I told you about the nerve damage.
但还记得我说过的神经受损吗？
It silences these symptoms before a silent heart attack, which makes it even deadlier.
它会使隐性心脏病的症状不被察觉，从而使心脏病更加致命。
And you may not even know the common symptoms.
你或许甚至都不知道这些典型症状。
Meanwhile, the heart also sends out certain biomarkers -- cardiac biomarkers or proteins that are SOS messages
同时，心脏也会发送一些生物标记--心脏生物标记或者蛋白质是求救信号，
in the form of SOS messages -- into your bloodstream, indicating that the heart is at risk.
以求救信号的形式--进入血液，提醒心脏处于危险之中。
As it gets riskier and riskier, the concentrations of these cardiac biomarker proteins keep increasing abysmally.
随着风险上升，这些心血管标记物蛋白的浓度会保持不正常的增长。
My device solely relies on this data.
我的设备单纯依靠数据。
The key is that these cardiac biomarkers are found in one of the earliest stages of a heart attack,
关键是在心脏病初期发现这些心血管标记物，
when someone is almost sure to survive if he or she gets prompt care.
在这个阶段如果病人得到及时治疗，非常有可能存活。
And my device is solely based on that basis.
我的设备仅以此为基础。
And here's how my device works. A silicon patch is worn around your wrist or placed near your chest.
下面介绍设备如何工作。硅片穿戴在手腕附近或者放在胸部附近。
Without having to prick your skin for a biomarker blood test,
不用刺穿皮肤进行标记物血检，
this patch can spot, isolate and track a heart-attack specific biomarker called H-FABP,
这个硅片可以发现、分离并追踪心脏病特有的标记物，即H-FABP，
and alerts you if and when it reaches a critical level in your bloodstream
并会当标记物在血液中达到临界水平时警告，
a process that's much simpler, easier and cheaper than conventional methods of heart-attack diagnosis.
这个过程比心脏病传统诊断方法更简单、简便、低成本。
By checking on biomarker concentration data, a system like this, with advanced research in the future,
通过检查标记物浓度数据，辅以进一步的研究这样的系统，
could significantly reduce the need for an at-risk patient to go to a doctor for a biomarker blood test,
可以大幅减少高危病人进行标记物血检的需求，
because the device could be worn at all times, sensing biomarker elevations in real time.
因为该设备可以一直穿戴，实时检测标记物升高。
Thus, if the device senses the biomarker levels going beyond the critical point,
因此，如果设备检测到标记物水平接近临界，
the at-risk patient could be warned of an impending cardiac arrest and that he or she needs immediate medical attention.
高危病人会收到心脏停搏预警并需要及时的医疗措施。
Although the device may not be able to provide the patient with the complete analysis of the cardiac injury,
尽管该措施也许不能为病人提供心脏损伤的完整分析，
it might be of immense help in actually indicating that the patient is in danger,
它或许可以极大帮助判断病人是否于处危险，
so that the patient can be alarmed and know that immediate care is crucial.
这样病人可以得到警示知道必须立即采取措施。
Every at-risk patient will now receive more time to survive and reach out for medical help.
每一个高危病人将会得到更多时间保住生命并得到医疗帮助。
Consequently, they don't have to go for expensive and invasive medical treatments
最终，他们不需要接受昂贵且激进的疗法，
that would otherwise be necessary after a heart attack.
而这样的治疗在心脏病发作后有必要进行。
When I got my device tested on at-risk patients under observation,
我观察了设备在高危病人身上的测试，
results from the clinical validation tests certified close to a 96 percent accuracy and sensitivity.
临床验证结果证明了近96%的准确性和灵敏度。
I intend to make my device available to people in two variants:
我想让人们获得两种版本的设备：
one which gives digital analysis of the biomarker levels and a simpler version for the people in rural areas
一种能够提供标记物水平的数字分析，另一种是针对农村居民的简易版，
which simply vibrates when the biomarker levels go beyond the critical point.
当水平超过临界点时设备就会震动。
When we look at our progress in cardiac health care today,
当今，我们观察心脏医疗方面的进步时，
it is more of sick care than preventative self-care and technology.
较多的是疾病护理而非预防性的自我护理和技术。
We literally wait for the heart attack to occur and put our vast majority of resources into post-care treatment.
我们实际上在等心脏病发作，并把大量资源放在护理后的治疗上。
But by then, irreversible damage will already be done.
但到那时，不可逆的伤害已经造成。
I firmly believe it's time for us to rethink medicine.
我坚信是时候重新思考药物了。
We must establish proactive health-care technologies.
我们必须建立积极主动的医疗技术。
A change must be brought out not 10 years from now, not five years from now, but today.
改变必须发生，不是十年内，不是五年内，而是今天。
And so, hopefully, one day, with the help of these devices,
所以，希望有一天，有了这些设备的帮助，
someone else won't lose his or her grandfather just like I did.
别人不会像我这样失去祖父。
Thank you so much. Thank you. Thank you.
非常感谢。谢谢。谢谢大家。
