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GRE写作10大论证法

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一、演绎推理论证法

  将一个具体的事例运用到一个一般性原则从而得出结论。

  论点:Demand for this product wii go up。

  论据:The price of the product is sliding.

  推理依据:Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.

  (说明:由论据“the price of the product is sliding ”推出论点“Demand for this product will go up”,这个过程是否有效取决于推理依据“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一种论证方法都是如此)

  二、定义法

  界定一个概念的关键内涵;或者认定某个事物符合某个定义,从而得出结论。例如:

  论点:Radical feminists are not good citizens.

  论据:Radical feminists lack family values.

  推理依据:Family values characterize the good citizes.

  三、因果关系论证法

  将一个判断放入一个因果关系中,指出它或者是原因,或者是结果。例如:

  论点:The internet may be causing depression.

  论据:When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.

  推理依据:There are no other reasons for the group's depression.

  四、归纳推理论证法

  从若干个具体事例中推出共性的一般结论。如:

  论点:Everyone likes the movie.

  论据:I know three people who like the movie.

  推理依据:Three eaxmples are enough.

  五、列举特征式论证法

  指出某事物发生或者生存的征候或者迹象。例如:

  论点:The child has chickenpox.

  论据:The child has red spots.

  推理依据:These spots are signs of chickenpox.

  六、类比论证法

  用我们已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比较,并用前者的情况解释者 的情况。分为三种:纵向类比(过去的事物同现在的、同一类事物的类比)、横向类比(同一 时期、同一事物之间的类比)、比喻式类比(不同类别事物之间的类比)。例如:

  1.纵向类比(Historical analogy)

  论点:Many people will die of SARS.

  论据:Many people died of the Black Death.

  推理依据:SARS and Black Death are similar.

  2.横向类比(Literal analogy)

  论点:China should have its fighter carriers.

  论据:A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.

  推理依据:The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.

  3.比喻式类比(Metaphorical analogy)

  论点:Reading a difficult book should take time.

  论据:Digesting a large metal takes time.

  推理依据:Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.

  七、引用权威论证法

  引用公认的权威,或者论证自己就是权威从而对自己的观点加以论证。例如:

  论点:China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year.

  论据:Professors and scientists say so.

  推理依据:These experts are reliable.

  八、诉诸尝试法

  利用人们的常识【包括:普遍的价值观念、人的普遍动机、生活常识】进行论证。例如:

  1.诉诸普遍性的价值观念。

  论点:The university curriculum should be multicultural.

  论据:A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

  推理依据:You value equality and acceptance.

  2.诉诸普遍动机

  论点:You should support this candidate premier.

  论据:The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.

  推理依据:You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.

  3.诉诸生活常识

  论点:She was very kind to me.

  论据:She treated me with the best tea she had.

  推理依据:A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.

  九、反证法

  假设一个观点是正确的,然后却推导出荒谬的结论。例如:

  论点:An industrious man must also be thrifty.

  论据:With only industry but without thrift ,the person will end uo bankrupt.

  推理依据:An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.

  十、统计数据论证法

  提供数据,以资论证。例如:

  论点:We should end the current poverty-relief program.

  论据:It costs $45 million per year.

  推理依据:This is too much;it proves we should end it.

  只是一个详细的结构上的分析说明,在具体运用时,我们经常讲推理依据和论据放在了一起,但只要合理即可。论据可以自己编造,也可以是大众的例子,关键在于自己怎么样建立论点和论据之间的桥梁。上面的这些技巧,可能我们只用到某种或某几种,但我们必须得会至少一种。

重点单词   查看全部解释    
radical ['rædikəl]

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adj. 激进的,基本的,彻底的
n. 激进分

 
industrious [in'dʌstriəs]

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adj. 勤劳的,勤奋的

 
comparison [kəm'pærisn]

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n. 比较

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bankrupt ['bæŋkrʌpt]

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adj. 破产的,贫穷的,道德败坏的,枯竭的

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metaphorical [.metə'fɔ:rikəl]

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adj. 隐喻性的,比喻性的

 
literal ['litərəl]

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adj. 逐字的,字面上的,文字的
n. 错误

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characterize ['kæriktəraiz]

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vt. 表示 ... 的典型,赋予 ... 特色

 
depressed [di'prest]

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adj. 沮丧的,降低的,不景气的,萧条的,凹陷的,扁平

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contribute [kən'tribju:t]

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vt. 捐助,投稿
vi. 投稿,贡献,是原因

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current ['kʌrənt]

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n. (水、气、电)流,趋势
adj. 流通的

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