1.动词不规则变化是指动词的过去式和过去分词不按一定的规则变化。
2.动词不规则变化的具体变化规则如下。
(1)现在式、过去式、过去分词同形。如 read→read→read,
put→put→put,hit→hit→hit,let→let→let,cost→cost→cost,spread→spread→spread。
I have read this book twice before.
这本书我已经读过两遍了。
The book hit me on the head.
书打中了我的脑袋。
I put the apple in the corner.
我把苹果放在墙角。
(2)过去式、过去分词同形。如 win→won→won,
dig→dug→dug,find→found→found,feel→felt→felt,
leave→left→left,meet→met→met,sit→sat→sat,
stand→stood→stood,say→said→said,
tell→told→told,make→made→made,
hear→heard→heard,sell→sold→sold。
I stood up and turned.
我站起来,转过身。
It was aware of having been found, then it ran away.
它觉察到自己被发现了,于是逃跑了。
I sat quietly staring at the apple.
我静静地坐在那里盯着苹果。
I felt happy at being praised by parents.
被父母夸奖我感到很高兴。
(3)现在式与过去分词同形。如 come→came→come,
become→ became→become,run→ran→run。
It was aware of having been found, then it ran away.
它觉察到自己被发现了,于是逃跑了。
(4)现在式、过去式、过去分词三种各不同形。如 is(am, are)
→was(was, were)→been,do→did→done,
go→went→gone,lie→lay→lain,begin→
began→begun,ring→rang→rung,sing→sang→sung,
swim→swam→swum,see→saw→seen,
eat→ate→eaten,give→gave→given,
take→took→taken,fall→fell→fallen,
know→knew→known,throw→ threw→ thrown,
wear→wore→worn,speak→spoke→spoken,
choose→chose→chosen,break→broke→broken,
drive→ drove→driven,write→wrote→written,
forget→forgot→forgot(ten),get→got→got(ten),
hide→hid→hid(den), show→ showed→shown
(showed)。
I was reading a book and eating an apple.
我正在吃着苹果读书。
A book fell off the bookshelf.
一本书从书架上掉了下来。
I saw a little rat on the top of the shelf.
我看见书架顶上有一只小老鼠。
I took a bottle of liquid medicine to kill the rat.
我拿了一瓶灭鼠药水。
The rat died before it ate up the apple.
老鼠还没吃完苹果就死掉了。
I got angry with this rat.
我生了这只老鼠的气。
3.另注:
(1)一些动词变化的英美不同。
<1>burn,dream,learn,spell,smell,lean,spill,spoil在美语
中为规则动词;在英语中可为规则动词,不过用作不规
则动词较为普通。
<2>在美语中wake的过去分词也可用waked。
<3> fit,quit和wet在英语中是规则动词;但在美语中是不规则
动词,三种形式相同。
<4>dive在英语中是规则动词;在美语中则为不规则:
dive→dove→dived。
<5>get的过去分词在美语中也常是gotten。
(2)字典里有少数动词的过去分词有两个,其中的一个字尾为
“en”,此类字尾为“en”的过去分词现在多用作形容词,
而不用作时态之一部份(即不用作完成时态里的过去分
词)。如:
ill-gotten wealth
不义之财。gotten是作形容词用的过去分词。
He has got wealth by ill means.
他以不正当的手段得到钱财。got是完成式里的过去分词。
(3)助动词只有现在式和过去式,没有过去分词。
现在式 过去式 过去分词
shall should 无
can could 无
will would 无
may might 无
must 无 无
ought 无 无