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In 1964, a woman named Kitty Genovese was raped and stabbed to death in the middle of an open apartment complex in Queens, New York.
1964年一名名叫基蒂·吉诺维斯（Kitty Genovese）的女性在纽约皇后区的一个露天居住区内遭遇强暴并被刺死。
It is said by New York Times, that about 37 bystanders who witnessed the murder did not call for the police, nor did they help her in any way.
据《纽约时报》称约有37名旁观者目睹此谋杀却没有报警也并没有给她任何帮助。
Another similar incident happened when a 2 year old named Wang Yue was wondering around an open market when she was run over by a truck.
另一起类似事件发生在一个两岁的小女孩身上，这名叫做王悦的小女孩在露天市场里玩耍时被一辆卡车碾过。
The truck did stop, but only for a moment, running her over with the front and back tires.
卡车确实停车了，但就在停车一刹那，卡车前后轮都辗过了她的身体。
Nineteen people walked past her body, some stopping to stare, but none to help.
19人从她的尸体旁走过，有的驻足观望却没人上前帮忙。
It was only an hour later that a bystander helped Wang Yue, but unfortunately, it was too late. She died in the hospital shortly after.
直到一个小时之后一名旁观者才出手帮忙，但不幸的是为时已晚。不久她便死在了医院里。
Why is it that no one helped Kitty or Wang when they were in clear need of aid?
为什么基蒂和王明明需要帮助却没人帮忙呢？
Well, a possible explanation could be because of the 'bystander effect' or 'bystander apathy.'
一种可能的解释是由于‘旁观者效应’或‘旁观者无情感’。
It's when individuals are less likely to take action when others are present due to the diffusion of responsibility in social influences.
由于社会影响中的责任扩散，当看到还有其他人在场时大家就不太可能采取行动。
In other words, the greater amount of bystanders, the less likely it is for an individual to take action.
换句话说，旁观者人数越多，个人采取行动的可能性就越小。
People in the group assume that someone else will help and that their individual action is not needed.
群体中的人会认为其他人会帮忙，所以不需要他们的个人行动。
But, if everybody in the group all has this apathetic manner, incidents like Kitty Genovese's murder and Wang Yue's hit and run will happen.
但如果群体内的每个人都采取这种冷漠行为，那么像基蒂·吉诺维斯谋杀以及王悦碾压事件则会发生。
How could this behavior be explained?
该如何解释这种行为呢？
Well, according to Richard Dawkins, a professor at Oxford University,
根据牛津大学教授，理查德·道金斯（Richard Dawkins）所说，
what differentiates humans from every other species in the animal kingdom, is the development of the prefrontal cortex, or PFC.
在动物王国中，人类和其他种类不同之处在于前额皮质发育或称为PFC。
The medial and dors-medial parts of the PFC controls cognitive function and rational thought.
PFC的中间和向背中线部分控制着认知功能和理性思维。
The argument is that the empathy and ability to mentalize can motivate nonselfish behavior.
而争论点在于同理心和内心化的能力能够刺激非自私行为。
Humans are special because we can choose to act kindly to our fellow humans.
人类很特别，因为我们能够选择对同类友好。
However, evolutionary biology says that humans, throughout history, have only acted out prosocial behaviors to benefit themselves.
而进化生物学却说，纵观历史，人类仅对那些对自己有利的事情做出亲社会行为。
Or else, nobody would have survived. Which puts the saying "Survival of the fittest" on the play.
否则无人生还。这就是“适者生存”。
An infamous example of apathy is the Holocaust, in which the world closed its eyes during this catastrophe.
冷漠的一个案例就是犹太人大屠杀，在这场大屠杀中，世界视而不见。
People could have spoken out to help individuals who were afraid of speaking if they could have suffered the same fate as the people they were trying to help.
如果人们有可能和那些人遭遇相同命运，那么他们就会为那些害怕开口的人站出来说话。
So, biologically and socially, humans are just inclined to be apathetic and ignore things in which they don't benefit from or which they could be harmed by.
所以不论是基因还是社会，人类都有冷漠倾向，会对那些无利之事或是会伤害到他们的事情置之不理。
Since we're the only species to have PFC, 'I don't want to get involved' is often said whenever an undesirable event should occur.
由于我们是唯一一种拥有PFC的生物，当不好的事情发生时，‘我不想掺和进来’是我们经常说的一句话。
Bystanders will report not wanting to be involved because they fear negative consequences for themselves.
旁观者说自己不想掺和进来，因为他们害怕会对自己产生负面后果。
And also, because they assume someone else could offer help, not just me.
同样也因为他们认为会有其他人来帮忙而这个人不是我。
But, if people were more aware, events like Wang Yue and Kitty where people didn't respond, could have been avoided.
但如果人们能更多的意识到这种效应，那么像王悦和基蒂这类事件本是可以避免的。
So, just remember, even if you're just helping a sick family member or friend, maybe even helping someone carry something heavy,
所以记住，即使你只是帮助一位生病的家庭成员或朋友，或许仅是帮助别人搬重物，
don't even nudge them off because you think someone else could help them. Lend a hand. It could mean the world to somebody.
不要因为你认为会有其他人帮忙而把他们推开。出手相助，对别人这可能意味着全世界。
What are your opinions on the bystander effect? Do you disagree or agree on it, or have some different kind of thoughts?
你对旁观者效应有什么看法？你同意么或者你有其他不同想法？
Well, make sure to subscribe to Psych2Go's channel and visit their Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr. Thank you for watching and have a wonderful day.
请订阅Psych2Go频道并登录脸书、推特和汤不热。感谢你的收看，祝好。
