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But the scale of cyberespionage and the scale of cyberattacks is growing, and the frequency is very high," said David Cattler, NATO's assistant secretary-general for joint intelligence and security, at the December discussion in Brussels.
但网络间谍活动的规模和网络攻击的规模都在增长，而且频率非常高”，北约负责联合情报和安全事务的助理秘书长大卫·卡特勒在12月于布鲁塞尔举行的讨论中表示。
"I'd say on balance, except for probably some really big efforts, are not deterred."
“总的来说，我想说的是，可能除了一些非常大的努力外，他们并没有被吓倒。”
Reassessing the relevance of deterrence in cyberspace marks a major shift in military strategic thinking, says Richard Harknett, U.S. Cyber Command's 2016 scholar-in-residence.
美国网络司令部2016年常驻学者理查德·哈克尼特表示：“重新评估网络空间威慑的相关性标志着军事战略思维的重大转变。”
A holdover from the Cold War, the idea behind deterrence and escalation, too, is that since there's no defending against a nuclear attack, the key is convincing an opponent that launching one is too costly in the first place.
冷战遗留下来的，威慑和升级背后的想法也是如此，因为没有防御核攻击的手段，关键是首先要说服对手，发动核攻击的成本太高。
Until recently, there's been a belief in cyber that "we're not threatening enough.
直到最近，人们对网络的一种想法是“我们的威胁还不够”。
We don't have the punishment right," Mr. Harknett says.
我们没有正确的惩罚措施，”哈克内特说。
Strategy as it's currently being pioneered is less about trying to arrest all hacking operations – an unrealistic prospect given the interconnectedness of the internet – as it is to understand and shape them so allies can better protect themselves.
目前正在开拓的战略与其说是试图逮捕所有黑客行动（考虑到互联网的互联性，这是一个不切实际的），不如说是理解和塑造这些行动，以便盟国能够更好地保护自己。
After historically taking "a very defensive approach" to cyber operations, officials are now mulling whether there is "anything from an offensive perspective that this alliance wants to have in its tool kit,"
在历来对网络行动采取“非常防御性的方式”之后，官员们现在正在考虑“这个联盟是否希望在其工具包中包含任何从进攻角度看的东西”，
Ambassador Julianne Smith, U.S. permanent representative to NATO, said at a discussion sponsored by the German Marshall Fund of the United States last month in Brussels.
美国常驻北约代表朱莉安·史密斯大使上个月在布鲁塞尔由美国德国马歇尔基金会主办的一次讨论中说，
In crafting NATO's new cyber strategy, senior security and intelligence officials for the alliance say they were informed by a series of "increasingly destructive" cyberattacks by Russian and Chinese actors over the last few years.
在制定北约新的网络战略时，北约的高级安全和情报官员表示，他们从过去几年俄罗斯和中国行为者发动的一系列“越来越具破坏性的”网络攻击中获得了信息。
When Ukraine was hit by a spate of strikes on its government computer systems in January, as Russian troops massed on its border, NATO officials were watching closely.
今年1月，当俄罗斯军队集结在乌克兰边境时，乌克兰政府的计算机系统遭到了一连串的袭击，北约官员对此密切关注。
They had been working "for years," they noted, to shore up the embattled nation's cyber defenses, though it's not a NATO member entitled to Article 5 protections.
他们指出，他们“多年来”一直在努力加强这个四面楚歌的国家的网络防御，尽管它不是有权获得第5条的保护的北约成员国。
What the incursions had in common was that, though damaging, they fell below the threshold of armed attack.
这些入侵的共同之处在于，尽管具有破坏性，但还没有达到武装攻击的门槛。
It was increasingly evident, too, that the alliance needed to be more "proactive" in cyberspace, Mr. van Weel said.
范威尔说，越来越明显的是，北约需要在网络空间采取更“积极主动”的态度。
"It's about not limiting our options to just waiting for a massive attack.
“不要把我们的选择限制在等待大规模袭击的问题上。
It's about recognizing that what happens below that threshold of a massive attack is worthy of our attention."
也要认识到在大规模攻击的门槛以下发生的事情依然值得我们关注。”
But NATO doesn't want to be too clear about what the new threshold is, Mr. van Weel added.
但是北约不太清楚新的门槛是什么，范·韦尔补充说。
"The key to the policy is that there is no set bar, and there is a deterrent effect that will go from that."
“政策的关键是没有设定门槛去产生震慑效果。
Behind the scenes, as cyberattacks were playing out, the U.S. was doing some heavy lobbying for a shift in the alliance's strategic thinking, says Max Smeets, director of the European Cyber Conflict Research Initiative.
欧洲网络冲突研究倡议主任马克斯·斯米茨表示：“在幕后，随着网络攻击的展开，美国正在大力游说，北约改变战略思维。”
This was driven in large part by the Russian meddling in Western elections, and the dawning understanding that a series of cyberattacks can cumulatively tear away at the fabric of democratic society.
这在很大程度上是由于俄罗斯干预西方选举，以及人们逐渐认识到，一系列网络攻击可以进一步撕裂民主社会的结构。
