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参考答案：
【小题16】D
【小题17】A
【小题18】C
【小题19】C
习题解析：
【小题16】讲座开头讲到了工业革命指的是出现在英国 18 世纪末的技术、社会、经济和文化上的变革，其中特别提到 Before the Industrial Revolution, the production and harvesting of products was completed through manual labor. The Industrial Revolution replaced this manpower with machine power.由此可知，工业革命前，生产和收获完全是通过人力完成的，而工业革命用机械动力取代了人力。故选项 D 正确。其他选项讲座中未提及，均排除。
【小题17】讲座中提到 1698 年，托马斯·塞维利发明了蒸汽动力引擎，之后对托马斯·基维利本人和他的发明做了简要介绍，提到 Thomas Savery, an engineer and inventor, patented a machine that could effectively draw water from flooded mines using steam pressure.由此可知，托马斯·塞维利利用蒸汽压力发明了一个机器用来抽取矿井水，所以第一台蒸汽动力的引擎是用来抽井水的，故选项 A 为答案。
【小题18】讲座中明确提到 Manchester, for example, due to its cotton mills, became known as Cottonopolis because there were so many factories producing textiles.由此可知，曼彻斯特棉花厂林立，是众多纺织厂的所在地，故被称为“棉都”。故选项 C 为答案。其他选项内容在讲座中并未提及，均排除。
【小题19】讲座中明确提到 Trade unions were also born out of the Industrial Revolution, giving workers rights and freedoms that they had not had in the past.由此可知诞生于工业革命时期的工会能够给予工人以往不曾有过的权利和自由，故选 C 为答案。
