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A number of people warned me against writing a book about boys and men because it's such a fraught subject, particularly in politics right now, and because so many people were afraid that merely drawing attention to the problems of boys and men was implying somehow less effort being paid to girls and women; that it's framed as zero-sum.
很多人警告我不要写关于男孩和男人的书，因为这个话题非常容易让人不悦，尤其是在现在的政界，而且很多人还担心，仅仅是把注意力吸引到男孩和男人身上，就意味着在某种程度上减少了对女孩和妇女的关注；担心这会被定义为零和游戏。
And it's sort of a who's side are you on question: and you have to be on one side or the other, rather than just being on the side of human flourishing.
这相当于是你站哪一边的问题：两者之间你必须择其一，而不仅仅只是说希望人类繁荣。
One of the real challenges here is that if there are men missing from certain crucial areas of our society and our economy, that makes it harder for other men and boys to flourish in those areas.
一个真实的挑战是，如果我们的社会和经济的某些关键领域缺少了男性，那其他的男性和男孩就更难在这些领域取得成功。
We have an education system that has a dearth of male teachers.
我们的教育系统缺少男教师。
We have a labor market where the jobs that are growing fastest are ones where we have the fewest men- and in families there's the growth in what you might call the 'dad deficit' or 'father listeners.'
在我们的劳动力市场中，增长最快的工作领域恰恰男性最少--在家庭中，‘父亲缺乏症’或‘父亲倾听者’也越来越普遍。
As men are struggling in each of those areas, what you'll see is it'll be harder for other men to follow in their footsteps.
当男性在这些领域苦苦挣扎时，你会发现其他男性更难追随他们的脚步。
It's harder for boys to flourish if their fathers aren't engaged.
如果父辈们没有参与进来，新生代男孩们就更难做出成绩。
It's harder for men to enter occupations where there aren't men.
对于男性来说，进入没有男性的职业会更加困难。
It's harder for boys to do well at school where there are no male teachers to be seen.
在没有男老师的学校里，男孩更难取得好成绩。
And so, there's a very real danger that unless we act quite soon, that we will set in train something of a vicious cycle.
所以，确实有真实存在的危险，除非我们尽快采取行动，否则将陷入某种恶性循环。
I'm Richard Reeves.
我是理查德·里夫斯。
I'm a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, and my latest book is "Of Boys and Men: Why the Modern Male Is struggling, Why That Matters, and What to Do about It."
我是布鲁金斯学会的高级研究员，我的最新著作是《男孩和男人：为什么现代男性在挣扎，为什么这很重要，以及该如何应对》。
The overall picture is, that on almost every measure, at almost every age, and in almost every advanced economy in the world, the girls are leaving the boys way behind, and the women leaving the men.
总体情况是，在几乎所有的衡量标准中，在几乎每个年龄段，在世界上几乎所有的发达经济体中，女孩都远远地把男孩甩在后面，而女人则把男人甩在后面。
What nobody expected was that girls and women wouldn't just catch up to boys and men in education, but would blow right past them and keep going.
没有人预料到的是，女孩和女人不仅会在教育上赶上男孩和男人，而且会超越他们，并继续前进。
Everyone was very focused, quite rightly, on getting to gender equality, getting to gender parity.
每个人都非常关注实现性别平等，实现性别公平，这很正确。
It's not that long ago where there was a huge gender gap the other way, and there was huge focus, correctly, in the 70s and 80s to really promote women and girls in education.
就在不久前，其他方面还存在着巨大的性别差异，正确地说，是在七八十年代，人们非常关注促进妇女和女孩接受教育。
But the line just kept going-and nobody predicted that.
但这条线继续变化--没人预料到这一点。
Nobody was saying, "What if gender inequality reemerges in just as big a way as now, in some cases bigger, but the other way around?"
没人想过“如果和之前一样的性别不平等再次出现，有时候甚至更严重一些，但它却反过来了会怎样呢？”
And to some extent, everyone's still trying to get their head around this new world where, at least in education, when you talk about gender inequality, you are pretty much always talking about the ways in which girls and women are ahead of boys and men.
在某种程度上，每个人都在努力了解这个新世界，至少在教育领域，谈论性别不平等时，提到的几乎总是女孩和女人在哪些方面领先于男孩和男人。
And that's happened in a very, very short period of human history.
而这些变化都发生在人类历史上非常短的一段时间里。
So if you look at the U.S., for example, in the average school district in the U.S., girls are almost a grade level ahead of boys in English, and have caught up in math.
比如，我们看看美国，在美国随便一个校区里，女孩的英语水平几乎比男孩高一个等级，而且在数学方面已经赶上了男孩。
If we look at those with the highest GPA scores, the top 10%, two-thirds of those are girls.
如果我们看看那些GPA分数排在前10%的人，其中三分之二是女孩。
If we look at those at the bottom, two-thirds of those are boys.
再看看GPA分数排在最后的人，三分之二是男孩。
When it comes to going to college, there's a 10 percentage gap in college enrollment; a similar size gap in completing college, conditional on enrolling.
说到上大学，大学生的性别有10%的差距；完成大学学业的性别差距基本也是这么多，但跟入学情况有关。
And the result of those trends is that the gender gap in getting a college degree is now wider than it was in 1972, but the other way around.
这一切导致的结果是，现在获得大学学位的性别差距比1972年更大，只不过男女比例正好反了过来。
So in 1972, when Title IX was passed to promote more gender equality in education, there was a 13 percentage point gap in favor of men getting college degrees.
因此，1972年，当为了促进教育中的性别平等的《第九条》获批通过时，获得大学学位的男性比女性多13%。
Now there's a 15 percentage point gap in favor of women getting college degrees.
现在，获得大学学位的女性比男性多了15%。
So the gender inequality we see in college today is wider than it was 50 years ago- it's just the other way around.
所以，如今大学里的性别不平等现象比50年前更大--只是性别对调了。
There's quite a fierce debate about the differences between male and female brains.
关于男性和女性大脑的差异，有一场相当激烈的辩论。
And in adulthood, I think there's not much evidence that the brains are that different in ways that we should worry about, or that are particularly consequential.
成年后，没有太多证据表明，男女性的大脑有什么值得我们担心、或有严重影响的差异。
But where there's no real debate is in the timing of brain development.
但在大脑发育的阶段，没有什么辩论。
It is quite clear that girls brains develop more quickly than boys brains do, and that the biggest difference seems to occur in adolescence.
很明显，女孩的大脑比男孩的大脑发育得更快，而且最大的差异似乎出现在青春期。
So what happens, is in adolescence, we develop what neuroscientists call the prefrontal cortex.
在青春期，我们会发育出神经学家所说的前额叶皮质。
The prefrontal cortex of our brain is sometimes known as the "CEO of the brain."
大脑的前额叶皮质有时被称为“大脑的首席执行官”。
It's the bit of your brain that says, "You should do your chemistry homework rather than going out to party."
大脑的这一部分会告诉你，“你应该做化学作业，而不是去参加聚会。”
It's the bit of your brain that says it is worth maintaining a high GPA 'cause it'll help you get to college, which might help you in the future.
大脑的这一部分会告诉你，要拿到高的GPA，因为它能帮你上大学，而这可能在未来对你有所助益。
And that bit of the brain develops considerably earlier in girls than in boys, between one and two years earlier.
而女孩大脑的前额叶皮质发育得比男孩早得多，比男孩早一到两年。
Partly because girls go into puberty a bit earlier than boys and that seems to trigger some of this development.
部分原因是女孩比男孩更早进入青春期，从而引发了前额叶皮质的发育。
What that means is that if you have an education system that rewards the ability to turn in homework, stay on task, worry about your GPA, prepare for college, and so on, then, just structurally, that's going to put at an advantage the group whose brains have developed earlier in those particular areas- and that turns out on average to be girls.
这意味着，如果我们的教育系统会奖励你交作业、完成任务、关注平均成绩、准备上大学的能力，那么，从结构上讲，这对那些在这些特定领域大脑发育较早的群体有优势--事实证明，这一群体通常是女孩。
I think it's a great irony of women's progress that by taking the breaks off women's educational opportunities and aspirations, we've revealed the fact that the education system is slightly structured against boys and men, because of these differences in the timing of brain development.
通过弥补女性教育机会和抱负的差距，我们揭示了这样一个事实，即教育系统对男孩和男人不那么友好，因为男女之间的大脑发育存在时间差，这对女性的进步极具讽刺意味。
But it took the women's movement to show that, because the natural advantages of women in education were impossible to see when women's aspirations were being capped by a sexist society.
但只有妇女运动才能证明这一点，因为当社会上的性别歧视限制了女性的抱负时，女性在教育方面的天然优势是不可能被看到的。
Now that those caps have been largely removed, we can see that it's boys and men who are at disadvantage in the education system.
现在，这些限制基本已经取消，我们可以看到，在教育系统中处于劣势的是男孩和男性。
