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The next big development in cancer treatment could be a vaccine.
癌症治疗的下一个重大进展可能是疫苗。
After years of limited success of vaccines to treat cancer, scientists say research has made many advancements.
在治疗癌症的疫苗多年来取得有限成功后，科学家表示，研究取得了许多进展。
Many doctors predict more vaccines will be out in five years.
许多医生预测，未来五年内会有更多的疫苗问世。
They are not traditional vaccines that prevent disease.
它们不是预防疾病的传统疫苗。
Instead, they are shots to shrink tumors and stop the cancer from coming back.
相反，它们是用来缩小肿瘤并阻止癌症复发的疫苗。
Targets for these experimental treatments include breast and lung cancer.
这些实验性治疗方法的目标包括乳腺癌和肺癌。
There were also gains reported this year for the deadly skin cancer melanoma and for pancreatic cancer.
据报道，针对致命的皮肤癌黑色素瘤和胰腺癌的疫苗研发在今年也有了进展。
Dr. James Gulley helps lead a center at the U.S. National Cancer Institute that develops immune treatments, including cancer treatment vaccines.
詹姆斯·古利博士帮助领导美国国家癌症研究所的一个中心，该中心开发包括癌症治疗疫苗在内的免疫治疗方法。
"We're getting something to work. Now we need to get it to work better," he said.
他说：“我们正在让一些东西发挥作用。现在我们需要让它更好地发挥作用”。
More than ever, scientists understand how cancer hides from the body's immune system.
科学家比以往任何时候都更了解癌症是如何躲避人体免疫系统的。
Cancer vaccines, like other immune system treatments, strengthen the immune system to find and kill cancer cells.
癌症疫苗和其他免疫系统疗法一样可以增强免疫系统，发现并杀死癌细胞。
Some new cancer vaccines use mRNA, which was developed for cancer but was first used for COVID-19 vaccines.
一些新的癌症疫苗使用信使核糖核酸，它是为癌症开发的，但最初用于新冠疫苗。
For a vaccine to work, it needs to teach the immune system's T cells to recognize cancer as dangerous, said Dr. Nora Disis.
诺拉·迪西斯博士说，疫苗要发挥作用，需要教会免疫系统的T细胞识别癌症是危险的。
She is with University of Washington Medicine's Cancer Vaccine Institute in Seattle.
她在西雅图的华盛顿大学医学院癌症疫苗研究所工作。
Once trained, T cells can travel anywhere in the body to hunt down danger, she said.
她说，一旦经过训练，T细胞就可以在体内的任何地方追捕危险。
Patient volunteers are very important to the research.
患者志愿者对这项研究非常重要。
Fifty-year-old Kathleen Jade learned she had breast cancer in late February.
现年50岁的凯瑟琳·杰德在2月底得知自己患有乳腺癌。
She waited on a hospital bed for her third dose of an experimental vaccine.
她在医院的病床上等待她的第三剂实验性疫苗。
She is getting the vaccine to see if it will shrink her tumor before surgery.
她正在接种疫苗，看看它能否在手术前缩小她的肿瘤。
"Even if that chance is a little bit, I felt like it's worth it," Jade said.
杰德说：“即使这个机会很小，但我觉得这是值得的”。
Progress on treatment vaccines has been difficult.
在研发治疗性疫苗上取得进展一直很困难。
The first such vaccine, Provenge, was approved in the U.S. in 2010 to treat prostate cancer.
首个此类疫苗Provenge于2010年在美国获得批准，该疫苗用于治疗前列腺癌。
It requires processing a patient's own immune cells in a lab and returning them through the veins.
它需要在实验室中处理患者自己的免疫细胞，然后通过静脉将它们输回患者体内。
There are also treatment vaccines for early bladder cancer and advanced melanoma.
也有针对早期膀胱癌和晚期黑色素瘤的治疗性疫苗。
Early cancer vaccine research had difficulties.
早期的癌症疫苗研究遇到了困难。
The cancer would outfight patients' weak immune systems, said Olja Finn.
奥利娅·芬恩说，癌症会打败患者脆弱的免疫系统。
She is a vaccine researcher at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
她是匹兹堡大学医学院的疫苗研究员。
"All of these trials that failed allowed us to learn so much," Finn said.
芬恩说：“所有这些失败的试验都让我们学到了很多东西”。
Finn's research is now centered on patients with whose cancers were caught early.
芬恩的研究目前集中在被发现处于癌症早期的患者身上。
That is because the experimental vaccines did not help with more advanced patients.
这是因为实验性疫苗对癌症晚期的患者没有帮助。
Finn's group is planning a vaccine study in women with a low-risk form of breast cancer.
芬恩的团队正在计划一项针对患有低风险乳腺癌的女性的疫苗研究。
More vaccines that prevent cancer may be coming.
更多预防癌症的疫苗可能即将问世。
Decades-old hepatitis B vaccines prevent liver cancer.
使用了几十年的乙肝疫苗可以预防肝癌。
HPV vaccines, introduced in 2006, prevent cervical cancer.
2006年推出的HPV疫苗可以预防宫颈癌。
People with the condition Lynch syndrome have a 60 percent to 80 percent lifetime risk of developing cancer.
患有Lynch综合症的人一生中患癌症的风险为60%到80%。
Getting them to take part in cancer vaccine trials has been easy, said Dr. Eduardo Vilar-Sanchez of MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.
得克萨斯州休斯敦市MD安德森癌症中心的爱德华多·维拉-桑切斯博士说，让他们参与癌症疫苗试验很容易。
He is leading two government-supported studies on vaccines for Lynch-related cancers.
他正在领导两项政府支持的与Lynch综合症相关的癌症疫苗研究。
Drug producers Moderna and Merck are developing a personalized mRNA vaccine for patients with melanoma.
制药商莫德纳和默克公司正在为黑色素瘤患者开发一种个人化的信使核糖核酸疫苗。
The vaccines are designed for each patient, based on the many differences in their cancer tissue.
疫苗是根据每个患者癌症组织中的诸多差异而设计的。
A personalized vaccine can train the immune system to hunt for the cancer's mutation and kill those cells.
个人化疫苗可以训练免疫系统寻找癌症突变并杀死这些细胞。
The vaccines under development at the University of Washington are designed to work for many patients.
华盛顿大学正在开发的疫苗是为许多患者设计的。
Tests are ongoing in early and advanced breast cancer, lung cancer and ovarian cancer.
目前正在对早期和晚期乳腺癌、肺癌和卵巢癌疫苗进行测试。
Some results may come as soon as next year.
一些结果最快可能会在明年出炉。
Jamie Crase was one of the first people to receive the ovarian cancer vaccine.
杰米·克拉斯是首批接种卵巢癌疫苗的人之一。
She got the vaccine during a safety study 11 years ago.
11年前，她在一次安全性研究中接种了疫苗。
Crase was diagnosed with advanced ovarian cancer at the age of 34.
克拉斯在34岁时被诊断出患有晚期卵巢癌。
She thought she would die young.
她以为自己会英年早逝。
Now she is 50, with no sign of cancer.
现在她50岁了，没有癌症的迹象。
She does not know for sure if the vaccine helped.
她不确定疫苗是否有效。
But, she said, "I'm still here."
但是，她说，“我还活着。”
I'm Ashley Thompson.
阿什利·汤普森为您播报。
译文为可可英语翻译，未经授权请勿转载！
