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Welcome to Crash Course Economics, I'm Adriene Hill,
欢迎收看经济速成班，我是埃德因·希尔，
And I'm Jacob Clifford, and today we're going to talk about labor markets, a pretty important topic.
我是雅各布·克利福德，我们今天将要讲劳动力市场，它是个非常重要的话题。
Unless you're independently wealthy, or fine with living in your parents basement, you probably need to get a job.
除非你自己有钱，或者你觉得住父母的地下室也不错，否则你可能需要找份工作。
But how do you even get a job? And what kind of job should you get?
但是你如何获得工作？而且你应该找什么样的工作呢？
In a lot of ways, it comes down to supplying a skill that someone else demands.
它在很多方面都要归结于提供别人需要的技能。
This is Cristiano Ronaldo. He makes about 20 million dollars a year playing soccer.
这是克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多。他靠踢英式足球一年赚2000万美元。
Or football, depending on where you live.
或者也可以说美式足球，这取决于你住在哪里。
Pretty much everybody would agree no one needs that kind of money, but does he deserve it?
几乎所有人都同意没有人值那么多钱，但是他值得吗？
How do his employer, the Real Madrid Football Club, justify this huge salary?
他的雇主皇家马德里足球俱乐部如何证明他值这个高薪呢？
Admittedly, the market for professional athletes is complex, but on some level, it's supply and demand.
诚然，职业运动员的市场很复杂，但在某种程度上，它就是供给和需求的市场。
The supply of people that have the skills to be world-class soccer players is low.
有能力成为世界级足球运动员的人供应量很少。
And the demand for world-class soccer players is incredibly high.
而对世界级足球运动员的需求却出奇地高。
Ronaldo might be willing to play for only 10 million dollars a year, it's a lot of money.
罗纳尔多可能愿意为只有1000万美元的年薪踢球，这也是一大笔钱了。
He might even play for 5 million dollars.
他甚至可能会为500万美元的年薪踢球。
And if he really, truly loved the beautiful game, he might do it for free.
如果他真得非常喜欢这个出色游戏的话，他可能会免费踢球。
So why is he getting 20 million dollars?
所以他为什么能获得2000万美元的薪酬呢？
This goes back to that really high demand.
这要回到非常高的需求量上了。
Having a superstar on your team generates millions in tickets and merchandise sales.
你的团队拥有一名超级明星会产生数百万的门票和商品销售。
It might help you win some of the many cups up for grabs in international football.
他可能会帮助你在国际足球比赛中赢得一些人人争夺的奖杯。
So Real Madrid thought Ronaldo, and his double scissor move, were worth 20 million dollars,
所以皇家马德里认为罗纳尔多的双刀移动值2000万美元，
and Ronaldo agreed, so they have a contract.
而且罗纳尔多也同意，双方就签了合同。
These same ideas explain how wages are determined in nearly every labor market.
同样的观点也能解释差不多所有劳动力市场的工资确定方式。
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
我们去看“Thought Bubble”。
Usually when Stan goes to the mall, he's the buyer.
通常，斯坦去商场的时候是买家。
He demands sunglasses and giant pretzels and the businesses supply them.
他需要太阳镜和巨大的椒盐卷饼，而商家则提供这些。
But if he wants a job at the mall's pretzel shop, the roles are reversed.
但他如果想在购物中心的椒盐卷饼店找一份工作，角色就会颠倒过来。
Since he supplies labor, he's now the seller and the pretzel shop owner becomes the buyer. A buyer of labor.
因为他供应劳力，他现在是卖家，而椒盐卷饼店的店主成了买家，购买劳动力的买家。
Now, that's when wage negotiation ensues.
这时工资谈判开始了。
Stan could insist on a wage of 25 dollars an hour for his pretzel skills,
斯坦坚持他的椒盐卷饼技巧值每小时25美元的工资，
but the owner would point out that they could easily hire other people for much less.
但店主会指出，他可以用更低的工资轻易雇佣其他人。
The owner could offer Stan a wage of only 1 dollars per hour,
他可以为斯坦提供每小时1美元的工资，
but Stan would point out that he could easily get paid more at the Fro-Yo shop.
但斯坦会指出，他很容易就能在冰冻酸奶店得到更多报酬。
In the end, they agree on a wage that makes each of them better off.
最后，他们商定了对双方更好的工资价格。
The owner gets some help around the store and Stan earns money so he can buy even cooler sunglasses.
店主在商店里得到了帮助，斯坦赚了钱，所以他可以买更酷的太阳镜。
Economists call this voluntary exchange.
经济学家称之为自愿交换。
The supply of labor depends on the number of people that are qualified to do the job.
劳动力的供应取决于有资格做这项工作的人数。
So, Stan would love to get paid more,
所以，斯坦希望获得更多报酬，
but since warming up pretzels doesn't require extensive skills,
但由于加热椒盐卷饼并不需要大量的技巧，
the supply of capable workers is high and consequently the wage is relatively low.
能做到的工人供给量很高，因此它的工资相对较低。
But that doesn't mean Stan is going to work for peanuts.
但这并不意味着斯坦要为微不足道的钱工作。
The wage offered has to cover his opportunity cost,
所提供的工资必须囊括他的机会成本，
the value of his lost free time and the money he could be making doing something else.
即他失去的自由时间的价值和他可以做其他事情赚得钱。
The demand for labor depends on the demand for the product a business sells.
劳动力的需求取决于企业出售的产品需求。
Economists call this derived demand.
经济学家把这种需求称为衍生需求。
If pretzel demand is booming, then the store owners are gonna want more pretzel makers.
如果椒盐脆饼需求旺盛，那么店主会想要更多的椒盐脆饼制作者。
If other stores also need more employees, demand for workers will increase and drive up wages.
如果其他商店也需要更多员工，那么员工需求将会增加，驱使工资上涨。
Thanks Thought Bubble!
感谢“Thought Bubble”！
Supply and demand explains why wages are different for different professions.
供求关系解释了为什么不同行业的工资水平不同。
Engineers are high in demand because they produce the products that many consumers want
工程师们的需求量很大，因为他们生产许多消费者想要的产品，
and their supply is limited because the training for these jobs are pretty difficult.
而且这些工作的培训非常困难，因此供应量有限。
Social workers and historians, aren't paid as much, even though their work is important,
社会工作者和历史学家的工作虽然很重要，但他们的工资并不高，
because demand is relatively low and supply is relatively high. It's not rocket science.
因为对他们的需求量相对较低，供给相对较高。它不是火箭科学。
Supply and demand explain a lot
供求关系解释了很多内容，
but there are several reasons why ages in a labor market don't end up at a competitive equilibrium.
但有几个原因可以解释为什么年龄在劳动力市场上不能达到竞争均衡。
Sometimes workers get paid less not because they have different skill levels,
有时工人得到的报酬更少不是因为他们的技能水平不同，
but because of their race, ethnic origin, sex, age, or other characteristics.
而是因为他们的的种族、性别、年龄或其他特征。
This is called wage discrimination.
这被称为工资歧视。
Wages might also be unfairly low when a labor market is a monopsony,
当劳动力市场被垄断时，工资可能不公平得低，
when there is only one company hiring and workers are relatively immobile.
垄断是指只有一家公司招聘，员工相对来说不太流动。
When you're the only employer, workers have to take what you offer, or they're out of luck.
当你是唯一雇主时，工人们不得不接受你提供的东西，否则他们就不走运了。
Take the NCAA, the organization that regulates college athletics in the U.S.
以美国管理大学生体育的组织——全国大学生体育协会为例。
Many economists point out that high profile college athletes are generating millions of dollars for their schools,
许多经济学家指出，高水平的大学运动员为他们的学校带来数百万美元的收入，
but they're forced to accept a very low "wage" of a scholarship with free tuition.
但他们却被迫接受一份学费免费的低额奖学金。
Now sure, baseball and hockey player can skip straight to the pros,
当然，棒球和曲棍球运动员可以直接跳到职业路上，
but the NFL prohibits drafting football players until three years after high school.
但是美国国家橄榄球联盟要求足球运动员在高中毕业三年后才能签约。
And NBA teams can't draft basketball players until they're 19.
NBA球队得等到足球运动员19岁后才能与他们签约。
There are some situations where wages might actually be higher than the market equilibrium.
有些情况下的工资实际可能高于市场均衡水平。
For example, some employers might voluntarily offer higher than normal wages to increase workers productivity and retention.
例如，一些雇主可能会主动提供高于正常水平的工资，以提高员工的生产率和保留率。
Economists call this efficiency wages.
经济学家称之为效率工资。
Henry Ford doubled the wages of the assembly line workers in 1914 to keep them from seeking jobs elsewhere.
1914年，亨利·福特(Henry Ford)将装配线工人的工资提高了一倍，防止他们在其他地方寻找工作。
And this still goes on today.
时至今日依然如此。
You may not be completely happy with you job,
你可能对自己的工作不满意，
but if it offers way more than what everyone else is paying, you're less likely to quit.
但如果它提供的比其他人支付的更多，你就不太可能离开。
Unions can also drive up wages.
工会也可以迫使工资提高。
A union is an organization that advances the collective interest of employees
工会是促进员工集体利益、
and strives to improve working conditions and increase wages.
努力改善工作条件和提高工资水平的组织，
They do this through collective bargaining.
他们通过集体谈判来实现这一目标。
Representatives for the workers negotiate with employers
工人代表与雇主谈判，
and if their demands aren't met, workers go on strike and stop production altogether.
如果他们的要求得不到满足，工人们就会罢工并共同停止生产。
Although unions were once very strong in the U.S., union membership and their strength has declined since the 1950s.
虽然工会在美国一度非常强大，但自上世纪50年代以来，工会会员人数和影响力都有所下降。
At their height, approximately 1 in 3 American workers were in a labor union.
在它们巅峰时期，大约1/3的美国工人是工会成员。
These days it's more like 1 in 9, and the largest unions represent workers in the public sector, like teachers and firefighters.
如今，这一数字是1/9，而最大的工会代表的是公共部门的工人，比如教师和消防员。
Wages might also no the at equilibrium when there is a minimum wage,
当有最低工资时，工资可能也不会达到平衡，
basically a price floor that prevents employers from paying workers below a specific amount.
最低工资基本是价格下限，它防止雇主支付工人低于特定数额的工资。
Technically, in the U.S., minimum wage affects less than 3% of workers.
理论上讲，美国的最低工资只影响不到3%的工人。
But the Brookings Institution estimates that an increase in minimum wage
但布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)估计，最低工资的提高
likely wouldn't just impact that small slice of the labor market.
可能不只影响劳动力市场的这一小部分人。
It would also drive up the wages of people who make just above the minimum wage.
也会推高工资高于最低工资水平的人的工资。
According to Brookings, that ripple effect could raise the wages of nearly 30% of the workforce.
布鲁金斯学会表示，这种涟漪反应可能会提高近30%的劳动力的工资。
The debate over whether or not there should be a minimum wage,
关于是否应该有最低工资，
and how high that minimum wage should be, gets pretty heated pretty fast.
以及最低工资应该多高的争论很快火热起来。
Some classical economists argue against nearly all forms of government manipulation in competitive market.
一些古典经济学家反对竞争市场内几乎所有形式的政府操纵。
They say the minimum wage not only lead to unemployment, but it actually hurts the people it claims to help.
他们认为最低工资不仅会导致失业，而且还会伤害那些声称要帮助的人。
Their logic goes something like this:
他们的逻辑是这样的：
A minimum wage deters employers from hiring unskilled workers, hiring only skilled or semi-skilled workers instead.
最低工资会阻止雇主雇佣非熟练工人，而只雇佣技术熟练或半熟练的工人。
These economists argue that minimum wage does little or nothing to alleviate poverty,
这些经济学家认为，最低工资对缓解贫困几乎没有作用，
since instead of earning a minimum wage, unskilled workers end up earning no wage at all.
因为没有技术的工人最终根本赚不到工资，而不是赚到最低工资。
The economists that support minimum wage argue that
支持最低工资的经济学家认为，
real life labor markets aren't as competitive or transparent as classical economists suggest.
现实中的劳动力市场并不像古典经济学家暗示的那样具有竞争力或透明。
They believe that employers have the upper hand when it comes to negotiating wages
他们认为在谈判工资问题上，雇主们占了上风，
and that individual workers lack bargaining power.
而个体劳动者缺乏议价能力。
I'm not going to tell you what to think but think about it like this;
我不会告诉你们应该怎么想，而是这样想：
if a grocery store wasn't required to pay 7.25 dollars an hour, and the grocery store was the only place hiring,
如果杂货店不被要求时薪7.25美元，而且它是唯一招聘的地方，
they could likely squeeze individual employees to accepting lower than market value.
那么它们就可能压榨个体应聘者，让他们接受低于市场价值的工资。
In this interpretation, minimum wage isn't interfering with competitive markets,
在这一解释中，最低工资并不妨碍竞争市场，
as much as it's correcting market failure.
它就像在纠正市场失灵一样。
Remember anti-trust laws that prevent powerful monopolies from charging higher prices?
还记得防止强大的垄断企业收取更高价格的反托拉斯法吗？
Economists that support minimum wage laws say they prevent employers from using their power to exploit workers.
支持最低工资法的经济学家说，它们可以阻止雇主利用权力剥削工人。
The economists who are entirely opposed to minimum wage laws are losing the policy battle.
那些完全反对最低工资法的经济学家们正在输掉这场政策战。
Most countries around the world have minimum wage laws,
世界上大多数国家都有最低工资法，
and many of those countries without them have de facto minimum wages, set by collective bargaining agreements.
许多没有它们的国家实际有最低工资，它是由集体谈判协议制定的。
But even among economists who support some sort of minimum wage,
但即使是那些支持最低工资的经济学家
there's disagreement over how high that minimum wage should be,
对最低工资应该多高
and what raising minimum wage might do to the economy.
以及提高最低工资对经济可能有什么影响也存在分歧。
Consider the U.S.: the current federal minimum wage is 7.25 dollars an hour.
以美国为例：目前联邦的最低工资标准是每小时7.25美元。
In 2014, 600 economists, including 7 Nobel Prize winners signed a letter
2014年，包括7名诺贝尔奖得主在内的600名经济学家联名上书，
arguing that the minimum wage should be increased to 10.10 dollars an hour.
主张最低工资应该提高到每小时10.10美元。
They argued that raising the minimum wage could have a small benefit to the economy,
他们认为提高最低工资可能对经济有一点儿好处，
workers with their newly increased wages would spend more.
有新增工资的工人们会增加支出。
This would increase demand, and perhaps help stimulate employment.
这将增加需求，或许有助于刺激就业。
But some of those economists balked when it came to the question for raising the minimum wage to 15 dollars an hour.
但一些经济学家对将最低工资提高到每小时15美元的问题犹豫不决。
They argue that even if a 15 dollars an hour minimum wage might make sense in an expensive city,
他们认为，即使时薪15美元的最低工资可能在物价高的城市中行得通，
like Los Angeles or New York, where the median income is relatively high,
比如收入中值比较高的洛杉矶或纽约，
it could have a significant negative effect on employment in a city or town where incomes are lower.
但它可能对收入较低的城镇就业产生显著的负面影响。
If economics was a pure science, we could just test these ideas under controlled circumstances.
如果经济学是一门纯粹的科学，我们可以在受控的情况下检验这些想法。
We could have one state set a significantly higher minimum wage than its neighbor and see what happens.
我们可以让一个州的最低工资比它的邻州高很多，看看会发生什么。
It turns out that happened in 1992, and economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied it.
这在1992年发生过，经济学家大卫·卡德和艾伦·克鲁格研究过它。
New Jersey raised its minimum wage from 4.25 dollars to 5.05 dollars while Pennsylvania kept theirs at 4.25 dollars.
新泽西州将最低工资从4.25美元提高到5.05美元，而宾夕法尼亚州的最低工资为4.25美元。
The economists surveyed the large fast food chains along the state's shared border
经济学家们调查了该州共享边境沿线的大型快餐连锁店，
and found that workers didn't get fired, in fact, employment in New Jersey actually increased.
发现工人并没有被解雇，事实上，新泽西州的实际就业人数增加了。
But it's far from settled. There have also been studies that indicate raising the minimum wage does increase unemployment.
但事情远未解决。也有研究表明提高最低工资确实会增加失业率。
A relatively recent survey of economists by the University of Chicago found that
芝加哥大学经济学家们进行的一项调查最近发现，
a small majority think raising the minimum wage to 9 dollars an hour would make it noticeably harder for poor people to get work.
一小部分人认为将最低工资提高到每小时9美元会使穷人更难以得到工作。
But, an this is where it gets interesting, a slim majority also thought the increase would be worthwhile,
但有趣的是，微弱多数的人还认为失业增长值得，
because the benefits to people who could find jobs at 9 dollars an hour would overweigh the negative effect on overall employment.
因为那些能以时薪9美元找到工作的人获得的利益将会超过对整体就业的负面影响。
Very few economists argue a higher minimum wage will end poverty,
几乎没有经济学家认为提高最低工资将终结贫困，
but some argue that it could reduce poverty.
但是一些人认为它可以减少贫困。
The minimum wage doesn't exist in vacuum.
最低工资并不是虚的。
The policies that fight poverty should also focus on providing education and skills.
消除贫困的政策也应侧重于提供教育和技能。
Those skills are what the labor market values.
这些技能就是劳动力市场重视的。
It's those skills that are in short supply and high demand, and will command higher wages.
正是这些供不应求的技能能要求得到更高的工资。
So while you're waiting for economists to figure all this out, you might want to learn a new skill.
所以，在你等待经济学家把这一切弄清楚的时候，你可能想要学习一项新技能。
Practice you double scissor, and maybe take Ronaldo's job.
你可以练习双剪，也许还能代替罗纳尔多工作。
Thanks for watching Crash Course Economics,
感谢您收看经济速成班，
which is made with the help of all these awesome people.
它是由这些好心人帮助制作的。
You can help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever by supporting the show at Patreon.
你可以通过支持Patron上的节目帮助速成班永远免费对所有人开放。
Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the show by giving a monthly contribution.
Patreon是个自愿订阅服务的平台，你可以每月捐助来支持该节目。
Thanks for watching! DFTBA!
感谢您的收看！做个了不起的人！
