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The smallpox vaccine faced popular resistance wherever it went. [qh]
天花疫苗所到之处都面临着民众的抵制。[qh]
(In Britain, one cartoonist depicted the vaccinated as sprouting miniature cows out of their bodies.) [qh]
(在英国，一位漫画家将接种疫苗的人描绘成从身体里长出的迷你奶牛。)[qh]
But America’s most powerful people, including priests and presidents, typically extolled the virtues of the vaccine, having personally witnessed its benefits, which helped overcome the anti-science skepticism. [qh]
但是，在美国，包括牧师和总统在内的最有权势的人通常都称赞天花疫苗的优点，他们亲眼见证了疫苗的好处，这有助于克服反科学的怀疑主义。[qh]
Gradually, the vaccine pushed smallpox out of Europe and the U.S.[qh]
渐渐地，这种疫苗将天花赶出了欧洲和美国。[qh]
Even so, in the 1950s—some 150 years after Jenner’s discovery—1.7 billion people, or roughly 60 percent of the world’s population, still lived in countries where the virus was endemic. [qh]
即便如此，在20世纪50年代——詹纳发现疫苗大约150年后——仍有17亿人(约占世界人口的60%)生活在天花盛行的国家。[qh]
The major powers would often talk about finishing the job of smallpox eradication, but major technical and organizational obstacles stood in the way. [qh]
虽然大国经常会谈论完成根除天花的工作，但主要的技术与组织障碍令天花接种难以普及。[qh]
Vaccination efforts still lacked funding. Outbreaks were still too difficult to track.[qh]
疫苗接种工作仍然缺乏资金支持。疫情爆发仍然难以追踪。[qh]
Then along came several heroes who belong in the pantheon of science history alongside Edward Jenner. [qh]
随后出现了几位与爱德华·詹纳一起进入科学史伟人祠的英雄。[qh]
The first is D. A. Henderson, the director of the World Health Organization’s global vaccination effort. [qh]
第一位是世界卫生组织全球疫苗接种工作负责人亨德森。[qh]
Henderson was just 38 years old when he arrived in Geneva to lead a program to vaccinate more than 1 billion people in 50 countries within 10 years.[qh]
亨德森十年内为五十个国家的十亿多人接种疫苗，他抵达日内瓦领导这个项目时仅三十八岁。[qh]
He was put in charge of a small staff and a modest budget within the labyrinth of a global bureaucracy.[qh]
全球官僚机构错综复杂，他管理的团队人员数量少，预算也不多。[qh]
Reaching 1 billion people with limited resources required a brilliant strategy for surveilling and containing the disease. [qh]
要用有限的资源帮助十亿人，就必须有一个监控疾病的高明战略。[qh]
Henderson’s team invented the technique of “ring vaccination.” [qh]
亨德森的团队发明了“环围接种”法。[qh]
Rather than inoculate every person in every country, his disease detectives would look for an outbreak and vaccinate all the contacts of the affected people and anyone else in the area. [qh]
疾病调查人员不需要为每个国家的每个人接种疫苗，而是找到疫情爆发地，为该地所有与感染人群接触过的患者以及其他接触者接种疫苗。[qh]
And so, each outbreak was encircled by people who were immune to the smallpox virus and wouldn’t let it pass through them.[qh]
因此，每次疫情爆发，那些对天花病毒形成免疫的人群就会形成环围，使这种病毒无法通过他们进行传播。[qh]
Above all, Henderson needed an extraordinary supply of vaccine at a cheap price with a low-cost way to administer doses to people around the world. [qh]
最重要的是，亨德森需要提供大量廉价疫苗，以低价方式为世界各地的人们注射疫苗。[qh]
He benefited from a timely invention that proved essential to the story of smallpox eradication.[qh]
他受益于一项及时出现的发明，这项发明被证明对根除天花的故事至关重要。[qh]
