重点讲解：
1. take effect 开始实施；生效；有效；
例句：These three provisional regulations will take effect from 1st January 2009.
这三个暂行条例将于2009年1月1日起生效Za;e,a+Gp=i(|~o。
2. to date 迄今；到目前为止；
例句：She is without question the craziest person I've met to date.
她无疑是我到目前为止所遇到的最疯狂之人q84ln=)ZK=8axyd2。
3. have an impact on 影响；作用；
例句：Actions have an impact on us as much as how we act.
我们对行动有几分把握，行动对我们便有几分影响k|8aAt9RuFM5H。
4. be exposed to 使暴露于（险境）；使遭受（危险或不快）；
例句：The machine is exposed to the wind and rain.
这台机器经受风吹雨打s0R_&Ot8~f%h[V!Hj-IT。
5. behind the scenes 在幕后；秘密地；不公开地；
例句：But behind the scenes Mr Cain will be working quietly to try to get a deal done.
但是，凯恩先生将背地里偷偷行动以争取达成交易.|b^4kKX&UebM)W&@W3|。
6. in a bid to do sth. 旨在做某事；为了做某事；
例句：Evidence shows girls are more likely to skip meals in a bid to try and lose weight and often smoke and drink more alcohol than boys.
证据显示，女孩比男孩更容易为了减肥不吃饭，而且更常吸烟喝酒%RI@pX(#3rw+[。
7. around the clock 不分昼夜；日夜不停；
例句：We can't afford to give you around-the-clock protection.
我们没有能力对你提供24小时的保护3UmFb*!QgmwZU*aQVf#0。
8. be tasked with 给…分配任务；派给…（工作）；
例句：This institution is tasked with conducting a general economic survey.
这个机构的任务是进行经济普查z=jO(2oLSf=9。
9. sniff out 发现；找到；
例句：The police used dogs to sniff out the criminals in their hiding place .
警察使用警犬查出了罪犯的藏身地点AOl97T#OeBplCHxY_。
10. guard against 提防；防范；
例句：Please guard against pickpockets on the bus.
在公共汽车上要谨防扒手X^viq.67gwRgC|。
11. on the basis of （行事的）理由，根据；
例句：Don't evaluate a person on the basis of appearance.
不要以相貌取人q5;Vmk=yze。
12. tighten one's grip on 掌握；支配；控制；
例句：A policy aimed at keeping Gaza isolated has allowed Hamas to tighten its grip on virtually everything in the strip
旨在孤立加沙的政策已使哈马斯对该地带各方面的控制几乎更加牢固v,E=IOcJ9F!25tET&lM。