重点讲解：
1. come into effect 开始实施；生效；
The new law will come into effect next month.
新的法律下个月生效。
2. be duty-bound to do sth. 责无旁贷的；义不容辞的；
Every one is duty-bound to defend his motherland.
保卫祖国人人有责。
3. in response 回应；
In response, Davenport and Harding have proposed several changes in how middle managers should operate.
针对这一情况，达文波特和哈丁为中层管理者提出了几项改良措施。
4. as of 在…时；从…起；自…始；
As of this writing, no reply has been received.
到写这封信时为止，尚未得到答复。