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And increases in productivity, of course, come directly from the size of the national vestment in education and in research. J. K. Galbraith has rightly observed that"a dollar or a rupee invested in the intellectual improvement of human beings will regularly bring greater increase in national income than a dollar or rupee devoted to railways, dams, machine tools, or other tangible capital goods." These words accurately report the American national experience.
当然，这种生产率的提高直接来源于国家对教育和研究的投入。J·K·高伯瑞曾经恰当地指出：“在智力提高上投入的每一美元或卢比所带来的国家收入，都大于将其投入铁路、水坝及其工具，或其他有形生产资料所能带来的国家收入。”这句话准确地叙述了美国的经验。
Another factor in the process of American development has been the commitment to self-government and representative institutions. We have found no better way than democracy to fulfill man's talents and release his energies. A related factor has been the conviction of the importance of personal freedom and personal initiative-the feeling that the individual is the source of creativity. Another has been the understanding of the role of cooperative activity, public as well as voluntary.
促进美国发展进程的另一个思想因素是对自治和代议制的追求。我们发现民主是使人的才智得到充分施展、人的能量得以充分发挥的最好方式。民主思想一方面确信人的自由的重要性和创新来自个人；另一方面懂得合作的作用，这种合作包括义务的和自发的两种。
But fundamental to all of these, and perhaps the single most important explanation of the comparative speed of American development, has been the national rejection of dogmatic preconceptions about the nature of the social and economic order. America has had the good fortune not to be an ideological society.
但所有因素中最基本的，或许对美国发展速度最重要的一个就是美国拒绝关于社会本质和经济规律的教条式的偏见。幸运的是，美国不是一个观念性很强的国家。
By ideology I mean a body of systematic and rigid dogma by which people seek to understand the world-and to preserve or transform it. The conflict between ideology and empiricism has, of course, been old in human history. In the record of this conflict, ideology has attracted some of the strongest intelligences mankind has produced-those whom Sir Isaiah Berlin, termed the "hedgehogs," who know one big thing, as against the "foxes," who know many small things.
在我看来，意识形态体系是指人们探索去理解、维护和改变世界时所遵循的系统的、固定的信条总和。意识形态体系与经验主义的斗争在人类历史上源远流长。在意识形态体系与经验主义斗争的历史上，意识形态体系曾吸引了人类历史上一些聪明绝顶的人物艾赛亚·伯林先生称之为“刺猬”，即懂得一件大事的人，和“狐狸”，即知道很多小事的人。
Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently immune to the ideological temptation-to the temptation, that is, to define national goals in an ordered, comprehensive and permanent way.
没有人能说美国始终如一地不受意识形态体系诱惑的影响，也就是不受以一种有序的全面的、永恒的方式来确定国家目标的诱惑的影响。
