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Unit Two Text C Fracture
第二单元 课文三 骨折
WHAT CAUSES A FRACTURE?
骨折的成因？
When outside forces are applied to bone it has the potential to fail.
当外力直接作用于骨骼时，它将遭受骨折危险。
Fractures occur when bone cannot withstand those outside forces.
当骨骼无法承受外力时会发生骨折。
Fracture, break, or crack all mean the same thing.
骨折、破裂以及破碎都是同样的意思。
One term is not better or worse than another.
所处情况相同。
The integrity of the bone has been damaged and the bone structure fails and a fracture occurs.
骨骼完整性遭到破坏，骨骼结构发生断裂，并导致骨折发生。
Broken bones hurt for a variety of reasons including：
因骨折引发疼痛原因如下：
The nerve endings that surround bones contain pain fibers.
包裹在骨骼周围的神经末梢拥有疼痛纤维。
These fibers may become irritated when the bone is broken or bruised.
当遭遇骨折或挫伤，纤维将受到刺激。
Broken bones bleed, and the blood and associated swelling (edema) causes pain.
骨折处会发生出血情况，再加上水肿就会引发疼痛。
Muscles that surround the injured area may go into spasm when they try to hold the broken bone fragments in place, and these spasms may cause further pain.
为使破裂骨骼归位，受伤处肌肉会发生痉挛，并将再次引发疼痛。
Often a fracture is easy to detect because there is obvious deformity.
由于出现明显变形，骨折通常极易发觉。
However, at times it is not easily diagnosed.
但有时会很难确诊。
It is important for the physician to take a history of the injury to decide what potential problems might exist.
对于医生而言，了解病人的既往受伤病史，发现潜在问题极为重要。
Moreover, fractures don’t always occur in isolation, and there may be associated injuries that need to be addressed.
此外，骨折并不总是独立出现，连带问题也需要解决。
Fractures can occur because of direct blows, twisting injuries, or falls.
直接重击，扭伤或坠落都有可能引起骨折。
The type of forces or trauma applied to the bone may determine what type of injury that occurs.
不同外力或不同外伤类型会决定受伤种类。
Some fractures occur without any obvious trauma due to osteoporosis, the loss of calcium in bone (for example a compression fracture of the vertebrae of the back).
因骨质疏松或骨质缺钙，许多骨折并没有明显外伤（背部椎骨的压缩性骨折）。
Descriptions of fractures can be confusing. They are based on ：
对骨骼的描述通常会含混不清。它们依据的是：
where in the bone the break has occurred
骨折部位
how the bone fragments are aligned
骨折原因
whether any complications exist
是否有并发症
whether the skin is intact
皮肤是否有损伤
The first step in describing a fracture is to decide if it is open or closed.
描述骨折的第一步是判断开放性还是闭合性。
If the skin over the break is disrupted, then an open fracture exists.
若骨骼外部皮肤遭到破裂，那么就为开放性骨折。
The skin can be cut, torn, or abraded (scraped) , but if the skin’s integrity is damaged, the potential for an infection to get into the bone exists.
我们可以将皮肤撕裂，但若皮肤完整性遭到破坏，伤口感染可能性加大。
Since the fracture site in the bone communicates with the outside world,
由于骨折处与外界相通，
these injuries often need to be cleaned out aggressively and many times require anesthesia in the operating room to do the job effectively.
受伤处通常需要大面积清理，有时需要麻醉来完成清洗。
Compound fracture was the previous term used to describe an open fracture.
有创骨折就是在形容开放性骨折。
译文属可可英语原创，未经允许，不得转载。
