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解析：
71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Science moves forward, they say, / not so much through the insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
第二、句子主干结构是：not so much through... as because of...与其……倒不如……
因为not so much... as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。
第三、词的处理：
the insights of great men of genius是后面带定语的名词短语结构，后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中应该倒过来，即从后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。
more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
they say插入语，按照汉语习惯，翻译时放在句首。
完整的译文：
他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)系表结构：the scientific revolution... was largely...
2) that引导的定语从句，先行词是the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments
第三、词的处理：
In short 简而言之
the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments (词性转换)一系列器具的改进、发明和使用
expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围
完整的译文：
新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and philosophers of science.
第二、句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句：tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ...主语部分有一个themselves反身代词
as a source of fundamental innovation介词短语做定语
第三、词的处理：
Over the years 多年来
philosophers of science 科学思想家们
完整的译文：
工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)系表结构Galileo's greatest glory was that...
2)不定式短语作定语结构the first person to turn...
3)动词+宾语从句作目的状语to prove that...
第三、词的处理：
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens (介词on译成动词)把新发明的望远镜对准天空
rather than 而不是
完整的译文：
伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。
75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)表示选择意思的从句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……还是……作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是depends on the issue
2)of which是宾语the issue的定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入
at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入
the driving force 动力，驱动力量
