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难句解析：
①Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
▲whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe是Japan的定语从句。
△千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not。
②The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
▲本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportunities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs又是personal sacrifices的补语。
△age是“时代”，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；baby boom指在战后的“生育高峰，婴儿潮”；questioning的意思是“质问，质疑”；involved in指“与某事有关，由某事引起”。
③Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
▲本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister是主语的定语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。
△注意raised eyebrows是“瞋目”的意思，此处指“瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤”。
④With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
▲has come centralization是一个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come。Where引导的定语从句修饰cities。
△本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；community礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由…取代；households家庭。
n. 紧张，压力
v. 强调，着重
