give rise to
使发生，引起
eg. The jump in food price give rise to a lot of complaint.
食品价格的猛涨引起了许多不满。

collapse
vt. 瓦解
eg. Despite their efforts the project collapsed.
虽然经过他们努力，这个规划还是失败了。

staggering
adj. 令人震惊的
eg. The variety of goods that the peddlers sold was staggering.
小商贩们卖的商品种类繁多。

hone
vt. 锤炼，使精通
eg. He runs every day to hone his stamina.
为了增强耐力，他每天都进行跑步锻炼。

trigger
vt. 引发
eg. The earthquake may trigger landslides or similar local surficial movements.
地震会引起滑坡或类似的局部地表运动。

desperation
n. 失望，绝望
eg. The prisoner clawed at the cell door in desperation.
囚犯绝望地乱抓牢房的门。