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PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)
The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.?
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the line
PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)
The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.?
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.?
If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the line.
Example
When ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an
It never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) never
them on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) ∕
wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibit
When a human infant is born into any community in any part
of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided (1)_____
neither of them have been damaged in any way either before (2)_____
or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born children
are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to
pay attention to their helplessness lay using sound, there is nothing (3)_____
the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without
care from some other human being or beings, be it mother,
grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive.
This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast
with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet (4)______
within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few
hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes (5)______
for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human
infant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. (6)______
It is during this very long period in which the human infant
is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature (7) ______
which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a
capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggest
that language be "species specific" to the human race, that is (8) ______
to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed (9) ______
in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies (10) ______
that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in colour, and just as they are designed to stand upright rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as part of their normal developments as well-formed human beings.
PART III READING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN)
SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)
In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet.
TEXT A
On Society
Low self-esteem pops up regularly in academic reports as an explanation for all sorts of violence, from hate crimes and street crimes to terrorism. But despite the popularity of the explanation, not much evidence backs it up. In a recent issue of Psychological Review, three researchers examine this literature at length and conclude that a much stronger link connects high self-esteem to violence. "It is difficult to maintain belief in the low self-esteem view after seeing that the more violent groups are generally the ones with higher self-esteem," write Roy Baumeister of Case Western Reserve University and Laura Smart and Joseph Boden of the University of Virginia.
The conventional view is that people without self-esteem try to gain it by hurting others. The researchers find that violence is much more often the work of people with unrealistically high self-esteem attacking others who challenge their self-image. Under this umbrella come bullies, rapists, psychopaths and members of street gangs and organized crime.
The study concludes: "Certain forms of high self-esteem seem to increase one's proneness to violence. An uncritical endorsement of the cultural value of self-esteem may therefore be counterproductive and even dangerous. ... The societal pursuit of high self-esteem for everyone may literally end up doing considerable harm. "
As for prison programs intended to make violent convicts feel better about themselves, "perhaps it would be better to try instilling modesty and humility," the researchers write.
In an interview with the Boston Globe, Baumeister said he believes the "self-promoting establishment is starting to crumble. "What would work better for the country is to forget about self-esteem and concentrate on self-control," he said.
In the schools, this would mean turning away from psychic boosterism and emphasizing self-esteem as a by-product of real achievement, not as an end in itself. The self-esteem movement, still entrenched in schools of education, is deeply implicated in the dumbing down of our schools, and in the spurious equality behind the idea that it is a terrible psychic blow if one student does any better or any worse than another. Let's hope it is indeed crumbling.
16. The researchers find that there are stronger connections between .
A. low self-esteem and violence B. low self-control and violence
C. high self-image and violence D. high self-control and violence
17. The researchers would most probably agree with the following EXCEPT .
A. self-esteem should be promoted and encouraged
B. schools should change their concept of self-esteem
C. the traditional view is beginning to lose ground
D. prisons should change their present practice
TEXT B
Social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous ones, simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the formers. There are more ideas, more conflicts of interest, and more groups and organizations of different persuasions. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and tolerance in heterogeneous societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision rather than subjecting them to authority. In a quite homogeneous society- there are fewer occasions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change, because everything seems to be the same and. if not satisfactory, at least customary and undisputed.
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily (1) in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material. for example, in technology rather than in values; (2) in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early: (3) in the less basic, less emotional, or less sacred aspects of society than in their opposites. like religion or a system of prestige: (4) in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; (5) in form rather than in substance: and (6) in elements congenial to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
18. According to the passage, the main difference between a homogeneous society and a heterogeneous one lies in .
A. the number of opportunities offered
B. the nature of conflicts of interest
C. the awareness of the need for change
D. the role of social organizations
19. The author would most probably agree that changes are more likely to be successful in .
A. production methods B. ideological concepts
C. religious beliefs D. social behavior
TEXT C
One argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it. is that working time will continue to fall. People in jobs will work fewer hours in the day. fewer days in the week, fewer weeks in the year, and fewer years in a lifetime, than they do now. This will mean that more jobs will be available for more people. This, it is said, is the way we should set about restoring full employment.
There is no doubt that something of this kind will happen. The shorter working week, longer holidays, earlier retirement, job-sharing -- these and other ways of reducing the amount of time people spend on their jobs +- are certainly likely to spread. A mix of part-time paid work and part-time unpaid work is likely to become a much more common work pattern than today, and a flexi-life pattern of work -involving paid employment at certain stages of life, but not at others — will become widespread. But it is surely unrealistic to assume that this make it possible to restore full employment as the dominant form of work.
In the first place, so long as employment remains the overwhelming important form of work source of income for most people that it is today, it is very difficult to see how reductions in employees' working time can take place on a scale sufficiently large and at a pace sufficiently fast to make it possible to share out the available paid employment to everyone who wants it. Such negotiations as there have recently been, for example in Britain and Germany, about the possibility of introducing a 35-hour working week, have highlighted some of the difficulties. But, secondly, if changes of this kind were to take place at a pace and on a scale sufficient to make it possible to share employment among all who wanted it. the resulting situation — in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week - could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work. There would be so many people spending so much of their time on other activities, including other forms of useful work, that the primacy of employment would be bound to be called into question, at least to some extent.
20. The author uses the negotiations in Britain and Germany as an example to _____
A. support reductions in employees' working time
B. indicate employees are unwilling to share jobs
C. prove the possibility of sharing paid employment
D. how that employment will lose its dominance
21. At the end of the passage the author seems to imply that as a result of shorter working time _____.
A. employment may not retain its usual importance
B. employment may not be regarded as valid work
C. people can be engaged in far less unpaid work
D. people can be engaged in far more unpaid work
22. The author's attitude towards future full employment is generally .
A. supportive B. wavering C. skeptical D. unclear
TEXT D
During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and fringe products. But when factory productions got into full swing and new products, e. g. processed foods, came onto the market, national advertising campaigns and brand-naming of products became necessary. Before large-scale factory production, the typical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable and the task of distributing and selling goods had largely been undertaken by wholesalers. The small non-specialized factory which did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adapt its production according to changes in public demands.
But the economic depression which lasted from 1873 to 1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organization and distribution and the new. From the beginning of the nineteenth century until the 1870s. production had steadily expanded and there had been a corresponding growth in retail outlets. But the depression brought on a crisis of over-production and under-consumption — manufactured goods piled up unsold and prices and profits fell. Towards the end of the century many of the small industrial firms realized that they would be in a better position to weather economic depressions and slumps if they combined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket. They also realized that they would have to take steps to ensure that once their goods had been produced there was a market for them. This period ushered in the first phase of what economists now call "monopoly capitalism", which, roughly speaking, refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant, conglomerate enterprises. Whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms, after the depression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products.
A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. From about the 1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap, produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and door-to-door sellers. Competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals. For instance, the future Lord Leverhulme decided to "brand" his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty.
Lord Leverhulme was one of the first industrialists to realize that advertisements should contain "logical and considered" arguments as well as eye-catching and witty slogans. Many advertisers followed his lead and started to include "reason-why" copy in their ads. For example, one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance martial bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds. And an ad for Cadbury's cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits-, 'for the infant it is a delight and a support; for the young girl, a source of healthy vigour; for the young miss in her teens a valuable aid to development... ' and so on. As the writer E. S. Turner rightly points out, the advertising of this period had reached the "stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration". Indeed advertise or bust seemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not, or could not, advertise, were squeezed or bought out by the larger companies.
23. An example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution is ____ .
A. a cooking utensil B. new child's toy
C. tinned fruit D. household soap
24. One of the more aggressive selling methods in the soap trade by the leading companies was to _____ .
A. buy out small firms B. take over distribution
C. resort to product designing D. keep contact with their customers
25. In addition to distinctive packaging, contemporary products should also _____ .
A. draw customers' attention to their benefits
B. make customers aware of their attractiveness
C. display details of the main ingredients
D. focus on proclamation and promotion
