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Hi, I'm Adriene Hill.
嗨，我是埃德因·希尔。
And I'm Jacob Clifford and welcome to Crash Course Economics.
我是雅各布·克利福德，欢迎收看经济速成班。
Today, we're gonna talk about international trade.
我们今天要讲国际贸易。
So, we all know our stuff is from everywhere:
我们知道商品来自于世界各地：
Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, China again.
孟加拉国，中国，越南，还是中国。
But what does it actually tell us about the global economy or the U.S. economy?
但它实际会告诉我们关于全球或美国经济的什么内容？
And who's benefiting from all this trade?
还有谁从这些贸易中获益？
And who's gonna clean all this up?
谁将大捞一笔？
International trade is the lifeblood of the global economy.
国际贸易是全球经济的命脉。
Basically, when a good or service is produced in, let's say Brazil,
假设巴西生产商品或服务，
and sold to a person or business in the U.S.,
并把它出售给美国个人或公司，
that counts as an export for Brazil and an import for the U.S.
这个过程基本上算作巴西出口与美国进口。
As you might expect, the U.S. is the world's largest importer because Americans love their stuff.
正如你所料，美国是世界上最大的进口国，因为美国人喜欢他们的商品。
In 2014, Americans imported over 2 trillion dollars worth of stuff
2014年，美国进口了价值超过2万亿美元的商品，
like oil, cars and clothing, from countries all over the world.
包括石油、汽车和服装，它们来自于世界各国。
And if you look around your local big box store, it feels like everything is made in China.
如果你在当地的大卖场环视一圈，会感觉所有商品都来自于中国。
And we do import a lot of things from China,
我们确实从中国进口许多商品，
but in terms of both imports and exports, our largest trading partner is not China, it's Canada.
但就进出口而言，我们的最大贸易伙伴不是中国，而是加拿大。
The U.S. and Canada trade over 600 billion dollars worth of goods and services each year.
美国与加拿大每年的商品和服务贸易额超过6000亿美元。
The U.S. imports a lot from Canada, but exports almost as much.
美国从加拿大进口很多商品，但出口几乎等同。
In fact, the United States is the world's second largest exporter.
事实上，美国是世界第二大出口国。
It sells high tech things like pharmaceuticals, jet turbines, generators and aircraft to countries all over the world.
它向世界各国销售药品、喷气涡轮、发电机和飞机等高科技产品。
It also exports intellectual goods like Kanye West albums and Pixar movies,
它还出口坎耶·维斯特唱片、皮克斯电影这类的知识产品，
as well as bulk commodities like corn, oil and cotton.
以及玉米、石油和棉花这类的大宗商品。
The annual difference between a country's exports and imports is called net exports.
一国出口与进口的年度差额叫做净出口。
So, if Brazil exports 250 billion dollars worth of goods and imports 200 billion,
所以如果巴西出口价值2500亿美元的商品，并进口2000亿美元的商品，
then its net exports are 50 billion.
那么它的净出口额是500亿美元。
That means Brazil has a trade surplus.
这意味着巴西有贸易顺差。
In 2014, net exports in the U.S. were negative 722 billion dollars.
2014年，美国净出口为负7220亿美元。
That's what you call a trade deficit.
这就是所谓的贸易逆差。
Some people assume that having a trade deficit is inherently bad.
有些人认为贸易逆差本来就糟糕。
Why does the U.S. import nearly all of its clothing? Why can't we clothe ourselves?
美国的服装为什么几乎全靠进口呢？为什么我们不能自己生产服装呢？
U.S. producers could easily make more than enough clothing to keep all of us dressed,
美国生产商能轻易制造足够多的衣服供我们所有人穿，
but they don't because they focus on other things that they're better at producing.
但他们没有这样做，因为他们专注于自己更擅长的其他产品上。
The U.S. buys its clothes from other countries because it's cheaper than if we made them here.
美国从其他国家购买服装，因为它比我们自己生产得更便宜。
This is the value of international trade.
这就是国际贸易的价值。
It doesn't make sense to make everything on your own
如果你能与其他具有比较优势的国家进行贸易，
if you can trade with other countries that have a comparative advantage.
那么自己制造一切就没意义了。
It's worth mentioning here that these savings sometimes come with other costs,
值得一提的是，这些节省有时会带来其他成本，
especially for the people who are producing these goods overseas.
特别是对那些海外生产产品的人来说，更是如此。
Unsafe and unfair working conditions and environmental degradation can be ugly side effects of international trade,
不安全、不公平的工作环境和环境恶化可能是国际贸易的丑恶副作用，
and we're gonna talk about that.
这个我们之后再讲。
For today, though, let's get a handle on trade deficits.
我们今天来处理贸易逆差的问题。
It can seem like exporting would make a country wealthy, while importing would make it poor.
似乎出口会使一个国家变富，而进口则会使国家变穷。
After all, if we buy products produced in other countries, then we're shipping jobs overseas, right?
毕竟，如果我们购买其他国家的产品，我们就把就业机会转移到了海外，不是吗？
Well, only to an extent.
好吧，只在某种程度上是这样。
Imagine I had the choice of buying an American made TV or a TV made in Malaysia.
想象一下，我有机会买一台美国或马来西亚产的电视机，
Because of lower labor costs in Malaysia,
因为马来西亚的劳动力成本较低，
the imported TV costs 200 dollars less than the American made one. So I buy the imported TV.
进口电视机比美国电视机便宜200美元。所以我买进口电视机。
That might cost jobs at a TV factory in the U.S., but I save 200 dollars by buying the imported TV.
这可能导致美国电视机工厂的就业机会没了，但我买进口电视机节省了200美元。
And what am I gonna do with those 200 dollars?
我能用这200美元做什么呢？
I'm gonna spend them on something I couldn't have afforded if I bought the U.S. TV.
我将把它花在如果买了美国电视机就负担不起的东西上。
Like maybe taking my family out to a baseball game or to a restaurant.
比如带我的家人去看棒球比赛或者去餐馆吃饭。
That creates jobs in those industries that wouldn't have existed if I would've bought the more expensive TV.
如果我买了更贵的电视机，那么这些行业的就业机会就不存在了。
Economic theory suggests that international trade reshuffles jobs from one sector of the economy to another.
经济理论表明，国际贸易使就业从经济的一个部门转移到另一部门。
Like from the TV factory to the restaurant.
比如从电视机机工厂转移到餐馆。
But the quality of these jobs can be markedly different.
但这些工作的质量可能明显不同。
The guy assembling TVs at the U.S. factory was probably making a lot more at his manufacturing job
在美国工厂组装电视机的工人制造电视机可能
before he got reshuffled to the burrito assembly line at Chipotle.
比在墨西哥风味快速便餐中做玉米煎饼更赚钱。
Which is just to say that all this is really complicated
也就是说所有这些都很复杂，
and what is good in the aggregate is not necessarily good for individuals.
对总体好的东西不一定对个人有利。
For example, look at the North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA.
拿北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）举例。
It was established in 1994 to drop trade barriers between Canada, the United States and Mexico.
它于1994年成立，旨在减少加拿大、美国和墨西哥之间的贸易壁垒。
Critics point out that NAFTA significantly increased U.S. trade deficits
批评人士指出，北美自由贸易协定大大增加了美国的贸易逆差，
and they say it decreased the number of manufacturing jobs in many states as companies moved out of the U.S.
他们说，由于许多工厂移出美国，它减少了许多州的制造业就业机会。
Proponents of free trade point out that
自由贸易的支持者指出，
the U.S. economy boomed in the 1990s, creating millions of jobs, including manufacturing jobs,
美国经济在上世纪90年代蓬勃发展，创造了数百万个就业机会，包括制造业就业机会，
and that free trade has decreased the price of all sorts of consumer goods, from vegetables to cars.
而且自由贸易降低了从蔬菜到汽车等各种消费品的价格。
So, despite the fact that some workers in industries were clearly hurt,
所以，尽管一些行业的工人明显受到伤害，
economists would tell us that NAFTA has had a net positive impact on all three countries.
但经济学家告诉我们，北美自由贸易协定对这三个国家都有积极影响。
By the way, you know Thought Cafe, the makers of the Thought Bubble?
顺便问一下，你知道“Thought Cafe”是“Thought Bubble”的制造者吗？
They're Canadian. These graphics are imported.
他们是加拿大人。这些图形都是进口的。
The debate over the value of specific trade agreements continues,
关于具体贸易协定重要性的辩论仍在继续，
but it's unlikely that the world's largest economies will return to strict protectionism.
但是世界最大的经济体不太可能回到严格的保护主义中去了。
Protectionist policy, like placing high tariffs on imports and limiting the number of foreign goods,
对进口商品征收高关税、限制外国商品的数量等贸易保护政策，
usually hurts an economy more than it helps.
对经济通常弊大于利。
There are now several organizations designed to eradicate protectionism,
现在有几个组织旨在根除保护主义，
most notably the World Trade Organization, or WTO.
最著名的是世界贸易组织（WTO）。
The WTO has been effective in getting countries to agree to specific rules and help settle disputes.
世贸组织已经在让各国同意具体规则并帮助解决争端方面发挥了作用。
But it's also been accused of favoring rich countries and not doing enough to help the environment or workers.
但它也被指责偏袒富国，并没有尽力帮助环境或工人群体。
Trade between countries depends on the demand for a country's goods, political stability and interest rates.
各国间的贸易取决于对一国商品的需求、政治稳定与利率。
But one of the most important factors is exchange rates.
但最重要的因素之一是汇率。
Basically, this is how much your currency is worth when you trade it for another country's currency.
汇率基本上是指，你换另一个国家的货币时，你的货币值多少钱。
And let's engage in some foreign trade now by going to the Thought Bubble:
我们现在去“Thought Bubble”，进行几场对外贸易。
Suppose the U.S./Mexico exchange rate is 15 pesos to the dollar.
假设美国与墨西哥的汇率是15比索兑1美元。
If an American's on vacation to Mexico and wants to buy some sunscreen that costs 60 pesos,
如果美国人去墨西哥度假，想用60比索买一些防晒霜，
they'll have to trade four dollars for pesos.
那么他们需要用4美元兑换比索。
Likewise, if someone from Mexico is on vacation in the U.S. and wants to buy a 20 dollar t-shirt,
同样的，如果一个墨西哥人在美国度假，想买一件20美元的t恤，
she will have to exchange 300 pesos for dollars.
那么她需要用300比索兑换美元。
Now, let's think about what happens if the exchange rate goes up to 20 pesos per dollar.
现在我们想想，如果汇率变成20比索兑1美元会怎么样。
Now to buy that 60 peso sunscreen in Mexico, it'll cost that American three dollars instead of four.
在墨西哥购买60比索的防晒霜，只需花3美元，而不是4美元。
We say that the dollar has appreciated.
我们说美元升值了。
At the same time, the Mexican tourist who wants to buy the 20 dollar t-shirt will need 400 pesos instead of 300.
与此同时，想购买20美元t恤的墨西哥游客需要付400比索，而不是300比索。
It works the same way with imports and exports.
它与进出口同理。
When the dollar appreciates, it gets cheaper for U.S. consumers to import foreign goods
当美元升值时，美国消费者进口外国商品的成本就会降低，
and U.S. exports to other countries get more expensive.
同时美国对其他国家的出口价也会变贵。
U.S. imports rise and exports fall.
美国进口增加，出口下降。
On the other hand, what if the exchange rate fell to 10 pesos per dollar?
另一方面，如果汇率下降到10比索兑1美元会怎么样？
Now to buy that sunscreen, the American tourist needs six dollars.
现在要购买防晒霜，美国游客需要付6美元。
Each dollar has gotten less powerful.
美元的购买力下降了。
We say that the dollar has depreciated.
我们说美元贬值了。
At the same time, the Mexican tourist who wants to buy the 20 dollar t-shirt needs only 200 pesos.
与此同时，想购买20美元t恤的墨西哥游客只需付200比索。
So when the dollar depreciates, foreign imports get more expensive, which makes them fall
因此，美元贬值时，外国进口就会变贵，使得进口量下降，
and U.S. exports to other countries gets cheaper, which means they rise.
美国对其他国家的出口变便宜，这意味着出口量的增加。
Most currencies like the peso and the dollar have floating exchange rates that change based on supply and demand.
大多数货币如比索和美元都有浮动汇率，它们根据供求关系变化。
When the U.S. imports more products from Mexico, they exchange dollars for pesos.
当美国从墨西哥进口更多产品时，会用美元兑换比索。
This will increase the demand for pesos, and the peso will appreciate.
这将增加对比索的需求，比索将升值。
At the same time, the dollar will depreciate.
与此同时，美元将贬值。
Now, some countries have elected to peg their currency to another currency.
现在，一些国家已经选择将其货币与另一种货币挂钩了。
This is when a country's central bank wants to keep the exchange rate in a certain range.
这是因为该国央行想要保持汇率在一定范围内。
And they buy or sell currencies to keep it in that range.
他们买卖货币使汇率维持在这一范围内。
The Chinese government was well known for buying U.S. dollars
中国政府以购买美元
to keep the Chinese currency artificially depreciated.
保持人民币人为贬值著称。
When the U.S. imported goods from China, the yuan would appreciate.
当美国从中国进口商品时，人民币会升值。
Then the Chinese government would turn around and buy dollars,
然后中国政府转过来购买美元，
which kept the exchange rate about the same.
使得汇率保持不变。
This kept Chinese exports cheap for Americans.
这种做法让中国出口的商品对美国保持廉价。
Up to this point, we focused on importing and exporting goods and services,
到目前为止，我们的重点是进出口商品和服务，
but there's a whole other side of international trade that involves financial assets.
但国际贸易还有另一个面涉及金融资产。
Let's look at something called the balance of payments.
我们来看国际收支平衡表。
It might feel more like accounting than economics,
它可能更像是会计而不是经济学，
but it helps show how flow of money, and flow of goods and services, are opposite sides of the same coin.
但它有助于显示资金、商品与服务的流动，全面呈现贸易情况。
Every country keeps an accounting statement called the balance of payments that records all international transaction.
各国都有一份会计报表，叫做国际收支平衡表，里面记录所有国际贸易。
It's made up of two sub accounts:
它由两个子账户组成：
the current account and the financial account, sometimes called the capital account.
经常账户与金融账户，后者也称固定资产帐户。
The current account records the sale and purchase of goods and services,
经常账户记录货物与服务的买卖，
investment income earned abroad and other transfers like donations and foreign aid.
海外投资收入以及其他资产转移，如捐赠和外援。
So when the U.S. buys 50 billion dollars of computers from China, that's recorded in the U.S. current account.
所以当美国从中国购买500亿美元的电脑时，就会记录在美国经常账户中。
So this is a simplification, but when Americans spend money on Chinese goods,
这是一种简化过程。当美国人把钱花在中国商品上时，
the people in China, in theory, have only two things they can do with that money.
从理论上讲，中国人只能用这笔钱做两件事。
They can buy U.S. goods or they can buy U.S. financial assets like stocks and bonds.
他们可以购买美国商品，或者购买美国金融资产，如股票和债券。
These transactions are recorded in the other sub account: the financial account.
这些贸易记录在另一个子账户——金融账户中。
There is a reason why the flow of goods and the flow of money are symmetric.
商品流通和货币流动的对称是有原因的。
If consumers, businesses and government want to buy more stuff than their country is producing domestically,
如果消费者、企业和政府想要购买的商品比本国国内生产的多，
they have to import it. So there's a trade deficit.
他们就要进口，于是产生了贸易逆差。
That country has to sell assets to pay for those imports and that's recorded in the financial account.
该国必须出售资产来支付这些进口商品，这些会记录在金融账户中。
The United States has a very low savings rate,
美国的储蓄率很低，
which means it's consuming everything it's producing
这意味着它消耗了自己生产的所有产品，
and it sells assets to pay for the additional output it brings in from overseas.
而且还出售资产支付来自海外的额外产出。
Americans are choosing to run a trade deficit.
美国人正选择贸易逆差。
International trade, like everything else in economics, is about trade-offs and choices and winners and losers.
国际贸易，就像经济学中的其他内容一样，与物物交换、选择、输赢有关。
In purely economic terms, trade deficits and surpluses
从纯粹的经济角度上说，贸易逆差和顺差
are the result of people and nations seeking their own self-interest.
是个人和国家追求自身利益的结果。
But while everyone is acting in a self-interested way,
但是，如果每个人都以自身利益出发，
international trade doesn't always meet our individual interests.
国际贸易并不总符合我们的个人利益。
What may be good for the wider global economy might be really bad for me or my hometown.
对更广泛的全球经济有益的可能会损害个人或某个国家的利益。
But in the aggregate, trade does improve the global standard of living.
但总的来说，贸易确实提高了全球的生活水平。
It's just sometimes hard to see up close.
只是有时很难看清。
Thanks for watching, we'll see you next week.
感谢您的收看，我们下周见。
Crash Course Economics was made with the help of all these nice people.
经济速成班是由这群好心人制作的。
You can support Crash Course at Patreon,
你可以帮助支持Patreon的速成课程，
where you can help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever.
让它们向所有人永远免费开放，
And you get great rewards! Thanks for watching. DFTBA!
你也会获得奖励！感谢您的收看，做个了不起的人！
