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Every evening, a dramatic show takes place at the border between Pakistan and India.
每天傍晚，巴基斯坦和印度的边界都会上演戏剧性的表演。
It's an over the top display of strength and nationalism from both sides.
而这场表演可以说是双方的力量和民族主义情绪的过度展示。
But while this show-down is mostly ceremonial, the animosity between these two nuclear-armed countries is very real.
然而，虽然这种展示主要还是仪式性的，但这两个都拥有核武器的国家之间的敌意是真真切切存在的。
A lot of this bitter rivalry can be traced back to when Pakistan and India were still united under British rule.
这种激烈的竞争很大程度上可以追溯到巴基斯坦和印度都还还处在英国统治之下的时候。
Back to this moment.
追溯到这一刻。
For nearly 200 years, the people of India lived under British rule.
在长达近200年的时间，印度人民一直都生活在英国的统治之下。
At the time, dominant religious groups in the country included Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.
那时，印度主要的宗教包括印度教、穆斯林和锡克教。
The British colonized this large nation through a policy of "divide and rule" that pitted these religious groups against each other.
英国人以“分而治之”，让这些宗教团体相互对立的政策对这个幅员辽阔的国家展开了殖民。
The strategy was that Indians would be busy fighting each other — instead of British imperial rule.
在这种策略下，印度人会忙着内斗而无暇抵抗大英帝国的统治。
But after decades of violence and oppression by the British,
然而，经历了英国人对他们长达数十年的暴力和压迫之后，
people found a reason to come together: a movement for independence.
人们找到了团结一致的理由：独立运动。
The British responded with brutality and violence.
而英国人做出了野蛮而暴力的回击。
But eventually, the movement for independence led to a decision that would create a political rift between Hindus and Muslims.
然而，独立运动最终导致了一个将在印度教徒和穆斯林之间制造出政治裂痕的决定。
Britain passed the Government of India Act of 1935.
1935年，英国通过了《印度政府法案》。
It gave Indian provinces a new political structure, while still under the authority of the British crown.
这一法案赋予了印度各省新的政治结构，与此同时又保住了英国对其的统治。
The act set up local governments with dedicated seats for representatives from religious groups including:
该法案还给当地政府设置了给部分宗教团体代表分配席位的制定：
Hindus who got "general seats", along with Sikhs, and Muslims - or "Muhammadan".
获得了“多数席位”的印度教徒，还有锡克教徒和穆斯林——也叫“穆罕默德信徒”。
Hindus and Muslims in particular had been at odds at other points in British India's history —
英国统治印度期间，印度教徒和穆斯林早就结下了梁子，
but the act created even more division through assigned seats for religious groups.
该法案则通过为宗教团体分配席位进一步扩大了两者之间的分歧。
It was all part of the British divide-and-rule strategy.
这正是英国分而治之策略的内涵。
In the resulting elections, a Hindu-majority party called the Indian National Congress, was led by Jawaharlal Nehru.
在随后的选举中，一个名为“印度国民大会党”的印度教多数派政党有了自己的领导人贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁。
Another party, the All-India Muslim League, was led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
另一个政党“印度穆斯林联盟”也有了自己的主席穆罕默德·阿里·真纳。
Nehru and Congress won over 700 legislative seats, while Jinnah and the Muslim League only won 106.
尼赫鲁和（他领导的）国大党（在政府中）赢得了700多个议会席位，真纳和（他领导的）穆斯林联盟则只赢得了106个席位。
The majority of Muslims voted for other, smaller parties, rather than aligning with a national political identity.
大多数穆斯林并没有选择和国家政治认同同气连枝，而是将选票投给了其他较小的党派。
Without majority representation in the new governments,
由于在新政府中没有多数党代表（团体的利益），
Jinnah worried the Muslim population was increasingly vulnerable to oppression by Hindu leadership.
真纳担心穆斯林人群会越来越容易受到印度教领导人的压迫。
And his fears weren't entirely unfounded.
而他的担心并非无中生有。
Violence against Muslims had broken out in some parts of the country.
（因为当时）该国某些地区已经爆发了针对穆斯林的暴力事件。
Jinnah expressed his concerns in a speech to the Muslim League:
真纳在对穆斯林联盟的一次演讲中表达了自己的担忧：
"We are now, therefore, very apprehensive and can trust nobody."
“所以，我们现在非常担心，而且，我们已经没有人可以相信了。”
This was a striking turn for a man who had once been an ambassador for Hindu-Muslim unity.
对于一个曾经身为印度教和穆斯林的团结大使的人来说，他的这一态度堪称是一次惊人的转变。
Just 20 years earlier, Jinnah dismissed the concern that "Muslims could become a minority in what might become a Hindu state"
就在20年前，真纳还将“穆斯林可能成为一个或将变成印度教主导的国家里的少数派”这种担忧
as a "bogey put before you by your enemies to frighten you from cooperation with Hindus"
斥为“敌人摆到你面前，用来吓唬你不要与印度教徒合作的怪物”，
But by 1945, especially after the defeat in elections, he shifted focus.
然而，到了1945年，尤其是在选举失败后，他转移了自己的注意力。
Jinnah called for an independent nation of Pakistan in which Muslims would be in the majority.
开始呼吁建立一个穆斯林占多数的独立国家“巴基斯坦”。
He warned: A United India "meant slavery for Mussulmans."
他告诫说：“一个统一的印度‘就意味着对穆斯林的奴役’。”
Muslims insisted on their demand for their own separate state and complete independence from the Hindu majority.
穆斯林坚持要求建立属于自己又完全独立于印度教多数派的独立国家。
This time, Muslims rallied around Jinnah's new focus on Pakistan and his call for "direct action,"
这一次，穆斯林团结在了真纳对巴基斯坦的新重视和他对“直接行动”的呼吁周围，
where he asked Muslims to strike and show unity in their demand for an independent state.
在呼吁中，他要求穆斯林主动出击，为建立一个独立国家这一需要精诚团结起来。
But a rally in Calcutta, which was home to both Hindus and Muslims, turned violent.
然而，在同为印度教徒和穆斯林家园的加尔各答，一场集会最终演变成了一次暴力事件。
Thousands of people died in what is known as the Great Calcutta Killings of 1946.
成千上万人惨死在了1946年的加尔各答大屠杀中。
