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Hello. I'm Craig, and this is Crash Course Government and Politics.
你好。我是克雷格，这里是政府与政治速成班。
Today I'm gonna talk a little bit about the media.
今天我要谈谈媒体。
Specifically, the way the media interacts with the government itself,
具体来说，就是媒体与政府自身互动的方式，
and more specifically, the way the government regulates the media.
更具体地说，是政府调控媒体的方式。
Some of you might be saying, “Craig, get real, the government doesn't regulate the media.
有些人可能会说，“克雷格，现实点，政府不约束媒体。
We live in a free-market capitalist society and the only real regulation on what gets published or broadcast is determined by consumers, Craig.”
我们生活在一个自由市场的资本主义社会，对出版或广播的唯一真正监管是由消费者决定的，克雷格。”
Right on.
正确的。
Except that there are things you can't say on television or print in a newspaper either because they're harmful or untrue,
除了有些事情你不能在电视上或报纸上说，因为它们是有害的或不真实的，
and there are a number of government agencies that exist to place limits on the media and to make sure that we have access to information.
还有一些政府机构对媒体进行限制，以确保我们能够获得信息。
Right on!
你说得对！
Don't you mean left on?
你是说让它开着吗?
But wait, so you guys both agree then?
等等，所以你们都同意了?
No. Oh, I guess I misunderstood.
不。哦，我想我误解了。
Let's start our discussion of government regulation of the media with a little review.
让我们先回顾一下政府对媒体的监管。
The oldest form of media in the US is print, so you might think that it has been the most regulated,
美国最古老的媒体形式是印刷，所以你可能认为它是最受管制的，
but you'll remember from our episode on the freedom of the press that this isn't really the case because of the pesky first amendment.
但是你会记得从我们关于新闻自由的那一集里，这并不是真正的情况，因为讨厌的第一修正案。
The freedom of the press was written into the Bill of Rights because the framers wisely recognized that without a free press,
新闻自由被写入了《权利法案》，因为制宪者明智地认识到，如果没有新闻自由，
Americans would be less able to have the information they needed to make good political decisions, which they do all the time.
美国人将无法获得他们一直在做的做出正确政治决策所需的信息。
They also make bad political decisions, too.
他们也会做出糟糕的政治决定。
They just make a lot of decisions.
他们也会做出糟糕的政治决定。
So there are very few government regulations on what can and can't appear in the newspaper.
因此，政府对什么可以和不可以出现在报纸上的规定很少。
Near v. Minnesota basically said that there could be no censorship in the form of prior restraint.
明尼苏达州诉明尼苏达州案基本上是说，不可能有预先限制形式的审查。
In New York Times v. US, the Pentagon Papers case made it difficult for the government to use national security as an excuse to prevent publication of sensitive, or in that case, embarrassing material.
在《纽约时报》诉美国案中，五角大楼文件案让政府很难以国家安全为借口，阻止敏感材料，或者在这种情况下，发布令人尴尬的材料。
There are still libel laws that allow individuals to sue newspapers and magazines when they print something that they don't like.
仍然有诽谤法允许个人在报纸和杂志刊登他们不喜欢的东西时起诉它们。
But as far as public figures are concerned, the Supreme Court's decision in New York Times v.Sullivan makes it pretty hard to censor the press by suing for libel.
但是，就公众人物而言，最高法院在《纽约时报》上的裁决是对的。沙利文以诽谤罪提起诉讼，使得新闻审查变得相当困难。
So I can say anything I want about public figures.
所以我可以对公众人物畅所欲言。
Public figures are dumb.
公众人物是愚蠢的。
In order to win this type of lawsuit, the plaintiff must show that the article, or advertisement, was both untrue and published with actual malice
为了赢得这类诉讼，原告必须证明这篇文章或广告是不真实的，并带有实际的恶意
or reckless disregard for the truth, which is a very, very high bar.
或者不计后果地漠视真相，这是一个非常、非常高的门槛。
What this means in practice is that the first amendment pretty much protects print media from government regulation.
这在实践中意味着，第一修正案在很大程度上保护了印刷媒体不受政府监管。
Although as we saw in the last episode, the number of Americans getting their information from print is shrinking.
尽管正如我们在上一集看到的，通过印刷获得信息的美国人的数量正在减少。
So maybe the markets are doing the regulation after all.
所以，也许是市场在进行监管。
Although I don't think people are buying fewer newspapers as a way of regulating their content.
尽管我不认为人们减少购买报纸是为了规范他们的内容。
They probably just don't want the papers cluttering up their house and they don't wanna get that ink on their hands, you know, the black ink the rubs off.
他们可能只是不想让报纸把他们的房子弄得乱七八糟，他们也不想让墨水沾到他们的手上，你知道，黑色的墨水会被擦掉。
The government is taking a larger role in TV and radio, possibly because it reaches the largest numbers.
政府在电视和广播中扮演着更重要的角色，这可能是因为它体量很大。
Broadcast media is the most tightly regulated among the information sources.
广播媒体是信息资源中监管最严格的。
The first and probably least transparent way that the government regulates broadcast media is through control of the airwaves, which is done through licensing.
政府监管广播媒体的第一种方式，可能也是最不透明的一种方式，是通过授权来控制电波。
Broadcast spectrum is a limited resource and is technically owned by the public,
广播频谱是一种有限的资源，技术上属于公众所有，
so if you want to broadcast, you need to purchase a license from the federal government.
所以如果你想广播，你需要从联邦政府购买许可证。
This gives you the right to operate your television or radio station under certain well-defined conditions.
这使你有权在某些明确规定的条件下经营你的电视或电台。
These licenses must be renewed every five years and they almost always are.
这些许可证必须每五年更新一次，而且几乎总是如此。
The licenses are granted and most of the government regulation of broadcasters is managed by the Federal Communications Commission, the FCC.
这些执照已经颁发，而且大多数政府对广播公司的监管都是由联邦通信委员会管理的。
It was founded in 1934 to oversee a chaotic radio industry and it soon expanded to include television.
它成立于1934年，是为了监管混乱的广播行业，不久便扩展到电视行业。
As part of its mission, the FCC required that in order for a station to be granted a license, it had to show that it was operating in the public interest.
作为其使命的一部分，联邦通信委员会要求，为了给一个电台颁发许可证，它必须证明它是在公共利益的运作。
In terms of politics, this meant that the FCC has come up with some rules regarding what gets broadcast.
在政治方面，这意味着联邦通信委员会已经制定了一些关于广播内容的规则。
Every channel has to have a CSI.
每个频道都必须有CSI。
The first rule, dating back to 1949, is called the Fairness Doctrine.
第一条规则可以追溯到1949年，叫做公平原则。
This requires broadcasters to give equal time to each side of a public issue.
这就要求广播公司对公共问题的每一方给予同等的时间。
So if a station airs a program criticizing a war, say the one in Vietnam or the one in Iraq, it has to air another program of equal length that supports the war.
因此，如果一个电台播放批评战争的节目，比如越南战争或伊拉克战争，它必须播放另一个同样长度的支持战争的节目。
What this meant in practice was that stations shied away from controversial programming,
这在实践中意味着，电台回避有争议的节目，
even though the Fairness Doctrine was never rigidly enforced.
尽管公平原则从未得到严格执行。
The lack of enforcement and generally non-controversial nature of commercial broadcasting didn't stop Ronald Reagan's administration from pushing for the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine in 1983.
商业广播缺乏执行力，而且通常没有争议，但这并没有阻止罗纳德·里根政府在1983年推动废除公平原则。
Congress voted to reinstate it in 1987 when Democrats took control, but Reagan said “uh-uh,” and he vetoed the legislation.
1987年民主党控制国会时，国会投票决定恢复该法案，但里根说“嗯”，他否决了该法案。
As a result, the Fairness Doctrine is pretty much dead.
因此，公平原则基本上已经不复存在了。
Other rules related to the Fairness Doctrine are the Equal Time Rule, which requires that broadcasters not discriminate in selling time to political candidates,
与公平原则相关的其他规则是平等时间规则，该规则要求广播公司在向政治候选人出售时间时不得歧视，
which ensures a political candidate will have the opportunity to respond to a personal attack if it gets aired.
以及反驳的权利，这确保了政治候选人在受到人身攻击时有机会做出回应。
These rules do not apply to eagles, however.
然而，这些规则不适用于鹰。
Yeah, you stay down.
对，你待在下面。
There's another important FCC rule that deals with media ownership, but I'm gonna talk about that later because the FCC didn't tell me I can't.
还有一个重要的联邦通信委员会规则是关于媒体所有权的，但是我稍后会讲到因为联邦通信委员会没有告诉我不能。
The FCC also regulates what can be broadcast, but these rules doesn't relate to politics so much as obscenity, indecency, or profanity showing up on radio or television.
联邦通信委员会还规定了哪些节目可以播出，但这些规定与政治的关系还不如广播或电视上出现的淫秽、猥亵或亵渎。
Sometimes these FCC rulings and fines become Supreme Court cases
有时这些联邦通讯委员会的裁决和罚款会成为最高法院的案件，
as people raise concerns about whether they deny our precious, precious free speech.
因为人们担心这些裁决剥夺了我们宝贵的、宝贵的言论自由。
One of the most famous cases in this area, FCC v.Pacifica Broadcasting, dealt with comedian George Carlin's Seven Words routine,
这方面最著名的案例之一是联邦通信委员会诉帕西菲卡广播公司，处理喜剧演员乔治·卡林的七个单词的例行节目，
which I will not be repeating because Crash Course is a family-friendly educational channel.
我不会重复，因为速成班是一个适合家庭的教育频道。
This case established that it's okay for the FCC to require that certain language and images not be broadcast during family times, which is before 10 PM.
这个案例表明，联邦通信委员会要求某些语言和图像不能在家庭时间播出，也就是晚上10点之前，是没有问题的。
The FCC also hands out fines for f-bombs and wardrobe malfunctions to keep us safe and virtuous.
联邦通信委员会还对脏话和道具事故进行罚款，以保证我们的安全和道德。
I should point out here that these FCC rules only apply to broadcast media and not most basic cable channels, which is why there's so many naked people in Game of Thrones.
我要指出的是，联邦通信委员会的这些规定只适用于广播媒体，而不是最基本的有线电视频道，这就是为什么《权力的游戏》中有这么多裸体的人。
I don't know if that's why there is, but that's why they can do it.
我不知道这是不是原因，但这就是为什么他们能做到。
Congress also tried to regulate broadcasters by passing legislation, as it tried to do with the 1996 Telecommuncations Act.
国会也试图通过立法来规范广播公司，就像它试图通过1996年的电信法案一样。
This act was best known for its failed attempts to regulate the internet, but it had other more interesting effects, too.
这一法案最为人所知的是它对互联网监管的失败尝试，但它也产生了其他更有趣的影响。
As with any congressional legislation, this act was subject to Supreme Court judicial review.
与任何国会立法一样，这项法案必须经过最高法院的司法审查。
The court did strike down part of the law, Title V, which was called the Communications Decency Act and was meant to regulate online pornography,
法院确实废除了名为《通信得体法》的第5条，该法案旨在监管网络色情，
because its definition of obscenity was overbroad, and the court said that it violated the first amendment.
法院确实废除了名为《通信得体法》的第5条，该法案旨在监管网络色情，
Speaking of the internet, unlike print and broadcast media, it's largely self-regulating.
说到互联网，与印刷和广播媒体不同，它在很大程度上是自我调节的。
This is possibly because Congress has recognized that it changes so quickly that most laws and regulations will be out of date by the time they're finally written.
这可能是因为国会已经意识到它的变化如此之快，以至于大多数法律法规在最终制定时都将过时。
But this hasn't stopped them from trying.
但这并没有阻止他们的尝试。
After the court struck down the Communications Decency Act, Congress tried again with the Child Online Protection Act in 1998, and they failed.
在法院否决了《通信礼仪法》之后，国会在1998年再次尝试通过《儿童在线保护法》，但以失败告终。
This one didn't make it all the way to the Supreme Court, but lower federal courts enjoined the government from enforcing it in 2007.
这个法案并没有被提交到最高法院，但是下级联邦法院在2007年禁止政府强制执行。
A more effective way to regulate the internet has been through lawsuits, especially those around intellectual property.
监管互联网的一个更有效的方法是通过诉讼，尤其是围绕知识产权的诉讼。
As viewers of our IP series know, this is super complicated, but basically people can use the courts to restrict the internet.
正如我们IP系列的观众所知道的，这非常复杂，但基本上人们可以通过法院来限制互联网。
A good example of this was the Napster case, where courts ruled against the file-sharing company and it was shut down.
这方面的一个很好的例子是纳普斯特的案例，法院判决这家文件共享公司败诉，该公司被关闭。
It takes individuals, and Metallica, and corporations to bring these suits,
它需要个人、金属乐队和公司带来这些套装，
but they use the government to shape the internet to meet their interests, so it can be seen as government regulation.
但他们利用政府来塑造互联网，以满足自己的利益，所以这可以被视为政府监管。
Speaking of corporations, this is a good place to bring up a couple of very complicated regulatory issues involving the internet, television and newspapers.
谈到公司，这是一个很好的地方，可以提出一些非常复杂的监管问题，涉及互联网、电视和报纸。
The first one has to do with media ownership.
第一个与媒体所有权有关。
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
第一个与媒体所有权有关。
Part of the 1996 Telecommunications Law, Title III to be more exact, dealt with the regulation of cable television.
1996年《电信法》的一部分，更确切地说，是第三条，涉及有线电视的管理。
Actually, it was a deregulation of the cable industry, allowing for companies that own newspapers and radio and television stations to also own cable companies.
实际上，这是对有线电视行业的放松管制，允许拥有报纸、电台和电视台的公司也拥有有线电视公司。
This kind of cross-ownership was supposed to lower barriers to entry into the cable business,
这种交叉所有权本应降低进入有线电视行业的门槛，
and it was clarified by the 2003 FCC ruling that allows a single company to own and operate the leading newspaper, television and cable companies in a single market.
2003年联邦通讯委员会的一项裁决澄清了这一点，该裁决允许一家公司在单一市场拥有并经营领先的报纸、电视和有线电视公司。
This has led to concerns about monopolization of the media as more and more companies merge.
随着越来越多的公司合并，这引发了人们对媒体垄断的担忧。
And it's hard to argue that this isn't happening.
而且很难说这没有发生。
So the number of companies that provide media content and access has been shrinking precipitously in the past 30 years,
因此，在过去30年里，提供媒体内容和访问的公司数量急剧减少，
which is probably why the FCC and Congress scrutinize media mergers so closely.
这可能就是为什么FCC和国会如此密切地审查媒体合并。
Critics point out that these kinds of super-mergers can lead to a lack of diversity in media.
批评人士指出，此类超级合并可能导致媒体缺乏多样性。
This can lead to fewer points of view represented in our news coverage and our stories.
这可能导致我们的新闻报道和故事中所代表的观点更少。
Net neutrality has also been a big issue, you've probably head about it.
网络中立性也是一个大问题，你可能已经意识到了。
The question revolves around whether the FCC should pass rules that allow internet service providers to charge differential rates to companies that use their bandwidth.
问题的核心是，联邦通信委员会是否应该通过规定，允许互联网服务提供商向使用其带宽的公司收取差别费率。
For example, internet service providers sometimes sell faster or better service to large companies like Netflix at the expense of smaller competitors or individuals who don't pay as much.
例如，互联网服务提供商有时会向网飞公司这样的大公司出售更快或更好的服务，代价是较小的竞争对手或支付不那么多钱的个人。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
谢谢，思想泡泡。
The net neutrality issue is a really complex regulatory question, but the debate over it, which takes place in Congress, on television, on the internet,
网络中立性问题是一个非常复杂的监管问题，但是在国会、电视和互联网上都有关于这个问题的辩论
and even through the FCC's website, where anyone's allowed to make public comments on proposed rules, has been fascinating and it points out a number of key issues involving government regulation of the media.
甚至通过联邦通信委员会网站，任何人都可以对提议的规则发表公开评论，这也很吸引人，它指出了一些涉及政府对媒体监管的关键问题。
First, it shows that a lot of media regulation involves a number of actors.
首先，它表明，许多媒体监管涉及许多参与者。
In this case, George Clooney.
这次是乔治·克鲁尼。
No, no, no, not those kinds of actors.
不，不，不，不是那种演员。
Private media companies, media organizations themselves and executive agencies like the FCC.
私人媒体公司、媒体组织本身以及像联邦通信委员会这样的执行机构。
It also points out that the overarching regulatory structure is built by Congress
它还指出，总体监管结构是由国会构建的
but that the real key actors are the regulatory rule makers and enforcers of the executive branch.
但真正的关键角色是行政部门的监管规则制定者和执行者。
And George Clooney.
和乔治·克鲁尼。
He has aged so well.
他老得很好。
Even more important though, are the questions that lie behind the debate.
然而，更重要的是，辩论背后的问题。
When we think about regulation, what comes to mind is regulation of content or censorship,
当我们想到监管时，首先想到的是对内容或审查的监管，
but with net neutrality rules as with FCC cross-ownership rules, what we're really looking at is regulation of access and how much media will be available at a given price.
但对于网络中立规则，就像联邦通信委员会的交叉所有权规则一样，我们真正关注的是对接入的监管，以及在给定的价格下可以获得多少媒体。
Those who argue that the internet should be regulated like a public utility rather than just another set of corporations that take their cues from the market are getting at something.
那些认为互联网应该像公共事业一样受到监管的，而不仅仅是一群从市场中寻找线索的公司，其观点是有道理的。
The media is different from other corporate entities because it serves a public function,
媒体不同于其他公司实体，因为它具有公共功能，
something that the framers realized when they wrote freedom of the press into the first amendment.
当制宪者将新闻自由写入宪法第一修正案时，他们意识到了这一点。
Without a robust media, Americans may have less access to information that they need to make smarter political choices.
如果没有强大的媒体，美国人可能无法获得他们需要的信息，从而做出更明智的政治选择。
Of course, all the access we have doesn't mean that we necessarily will make smarter choices,
当然，我们所拥有的一切并不意味着我们一定会做出更明智的选择，
but in this case, being able to hear more points of view is better than only hearing a few.
但在这种情况下，能够听到更多的观点比只听到几个要好。
That's why we're skeptical of censorship and why many people wanna keep the internet as open as possible.
这就是我们对审查制度持怀疑态度的原因，也是为什么许多人希望互联网尽可能开放的原因。
Thanks for watching, I'll see you next time.
谢谢收看，我们下次再见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
政府与政治速成班是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的。
Support for Crash Course US Government comes from Voqal.
对美国政府速成班的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports nonprofits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持使用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org.
更多关于他们的使命和倡议，请访问voqal.org。
Crash Course is made with the help of all these monstrous jerks.
速成班是在所有这些怪物的帮助下完成的。
That's not libel, they're public figures.
这不是诽谤，他们是公众人物。
Go ahead, try and sue me.
去吧，起诉我。
Thanks for watching.
谢谢收看。
