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Hi. Welcome to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam.
欢迎来到英格威英语学习网，我是亚当。
Today's lesson is a bit more grammar-based, or I guess you could also call it vocabulary-based.
今天的课是基于语法的，或者也可以称之为基于词汇的。
We're going to look at the word "under", but we're going to look at it in a very specific context.
我们将会学习“under”这个词，但是我们会在一个非常具体的上下文中学习它。
And I had a lot of people asking me about certain words that begin with the word "under" and then take another word with it.
有很多人问我一些以“under”开头，和另外一个词组成的词汇。
So, first let's make sure we understand what the word "under" means.
首先，让我们确认一下“under”是什么意思。
First of all, it's a preposition, meaning it has a function in terms of movement of things or location, or positioning.
首先，它是一个介词，意思是它用来形容物体的移动，位置。
And it means... when we're using it now as a prefix... actually, I should write this word for you.
它的意思是...当我们现在用它作为前缀时...实际上，我应该写下这个词。
"Prefix". A "prefix" is a part of a word that comes at the beginning of a word, joins to another word and becomes a new word together.
“前缀”。前缀是一个单词的一部分，出现在一个单词的开头，它与另一个单词连接，一起组成一个新词。
So, as a prefix, "under" essentially keeps the same meaning as it does as a preposition.
作为前缀，“under”基本上与作为介词的意义相同。
It means less, or lower, or not enough, or beneath/below which is the traditional meaning that most people know.
它的意思是更少，或更低，或不够，或低于，就是大多数人知道的原本意义。
So, here are some words with "under" as a prefix, and it basically means exactly the same thing with the extra word.
所以，这里有一些以“under”作为前缀的单词，它的意思基本上与另外的单词完全相同。
So, what do I mean? "Underachieve". If you underachieve, you achieve less than you could; less than your full potential. Right?
Underachieve什么意思？如果你underachieve，意思就是你做得不够好；未发挥你的全部潜力。
An "underachiever" is also somebody who we would think of as lazy or doesn't really try too hard or doesn't really care very much.
underachiever也指那些我们认为很懒，或者不太努力，或者不太在乎的人。
This person is an underachiever because he or she can reach a certain level,
这个人是后进生，因为他或她可以达到一定的水平，
but doesn't really try to, and that's why he or she is an underachiever.
但他并没有真正去尝试，这就是为什么他或她是一个后进生。
Lower: An "undergraduate". A lot of people know this word.
低于：“大学本科生”。很多人知道这个词汇。
An "undergraduate" is in university, is a person studying for a bachelor's degree.
一个“大学本科生”是指在大学里在攻读学士学位的人。
Now, here is the graduate, person who's graduated from the bachelor's program and maybe will go to a master's or a PhD.
现在，这是毕业生，从学士学位课程毕业的人可能会去读硕士或博士学位。
So, an undergraduate is under that; lower level of student within the system. Okay?
所以，本科生低于那个水平；本科生是系统内较低水平的学生。
So it basically means the exact same thing as the two parts; "under" and "graduate". Lower than a graduate.
它基本上和这两部分的意思是一样的；“低于”和“毕业”。还未毕业。
Not enough: "Underdeveloped" means it hasn't been fully developed; it's not developed enough - very straightforward.
不够：“不发达的”是指它还没有完全发展起来；它还不够发达——很简单。
And beneath/below: "Underground". So, the train is... the subway is underground - means it's under the ground,
下面：“地下”。所以，火车是...地铁在地下，意思是在地下面。
and we just squeeze the two words together; "under" becomes a prefix, "ground" becomes... stays the same and you have a new noun.
我们把这两个词放在一起；“under”变成了前缀，“ground”变成了...保持不变，你有了一个新名词。
Now, the problem that a lot of people have is when the two words join together
现在，很多人面临的问题是，当这两个词结合在一起时，
and have a completely different meaning or a different connotation. Okay?
具有完全不同的含义或不同的内涵。
And a "connotation" means the words may mean the same thing, but the idea behind them is a little bit different. Okay?
“内涵”是指这些词可能有相同的意思，但它们背后的含义略有不同。
So let's look at some examples. "Undertake". Now, if you're going to undertake something,
我们来看一些例子。“承担”。现在，如果你要做某事，
if you're going to undertake a task or you're going to undertake a project - essentially,
如果你要承担一项任务或者一个项目，基本上，
it means you're going to do it or you're going to at least commit to doing it, or accept the responsibility of doing it. Okay?
意思就是你要去做这件事，或者你至少要承诺去做，或者接受做这件事的责任。
So, we have... we have some plans; we're going to undertake these plans next week;
我们有...我们有一些计划；我们将在下周实施这些计划；
we're going to do them, we're going to make them happen next week.
我们会去实施的，我们会在下周实施。
Now, the problem is: If you say: "Take under", "take under" means, like, take below; take under the ground or whatever.
现在的问题是：如果你说“Take under”，意思是拿到下面；在地下等等。
"Take under" can also be a phrasal verb. So if you take someone under your wing - means you're...
“Take under”也可以是动词短语。所以如果你说“take someone under your wing”，意思是你...
you're going to teach them, you're going to take responsibility for them.
你要教他们，你要对他们负责。
When you put it the other way around, first of all, there's no space so it's one word, and it has a different meaning: Do.
当你换一种组合方式，首先，没有空格，所以这是一个词，它有不同的意思：做。
So that's where it becomes a little bit tricky for English learners because you don't know where these differences are.
这对英语学习者来说就有点棘手了，因为你不知道这些区别在哪里。
With all of these words, all you do is just rearrange the order: "Develop under" means developed not enough.
对于所有这些单词，你所要做的只是重新排列顺序：“Develop under”的意思是“发展不足”。
"Achieve less", "graduate lower than somebody else". Right?
“成就比别人少”，“毕业比别人水平低”。
So it's easy to understand. These ones, not so much.
所以很容易理解。这些词汇，没有那么多。
"Undergo". "Undergo" means be part of a process, or again, could also mean do.
来看“Undergo”。它的意思是成为一个过程的一部分，也可以是做的意思。
So, if you undergo surgery - means you're going to lie on a bed and a doctor's going to cut you open, and do whatever he does or she does.
所以，如果你接受了手术，意味着你要躺在床上，医生会给你开刀，然后做他或她做的任何事情。
So if you undergo something, you're part of that process; undergo surgery, for example.
所以如果你经历了什么，你就是这个过程的一部分；比如做手术。
If you "underestimate"... now, "estimate" generally means guess something.
如果你“低估”，“estimate”一般表示猜测。
So you're guessing something about someone or about something,
所以你在猜测某人或某事，
but if you "underestimate", it doesn't mean that you're guessing lower or you're guessing less;
但如果你“低估了”，这并不意味着你猜的更低或更少
it means you're not fully appreciating something.
这意味着你没有完全理解某事。
So, if you underestimate a person's strength or if you underestimate a piece of jewellery's value -
如果你低估了一个人的力量，或者你低估了一件珠宝的价值，
means you don't think of it as much as it actually is.
意思是你没料到它真实的水平。
So, it's like you didn't guess... you did the guess correctly, that's true;
就像你没有猜...你猜对了，是的；
but you guessed a lower value for something, or a lower strength, or a lower size, etc.
但是你猜了一个较低的值，或较低的强度，或较低的尺寸，等等。
"Underlie" basically means be the foundation. So, technically something lies under, but it's nothing physical. Right?
“Underlie”的意思是基础。所以，严格来说，下面有东西，但不是什么物质。
It's just an idea. So, the theory is underlied by certain other facts.
这只是个想法。所以，这个理论是由其他一些事实支撑的。
So these facts form the basis of a new theory about something else.
所以这些事实构成了一个关于其他事物的新理论的基础。
So, you can guess this meaning; something lies underneath, but generally it's not something physical.
你可以猜到这个意思；有些东西在下面，但通常不是物质上的。
So you have to be careful that to know it's foundation or basis for something.
所以你要知道它指的是什么东西的基础。
To "undercut", again, you could cut, like a tree,
“削弱”，你可以砍，比如一棵树，
you undercut a tree means you're cutting it at a lower level and it's topping over - but a more common use of "undercut", again,
你从下面砍树的意思是你在较低的高度砍树，树就会被砍倒。但是undercut更常见的用法是，
and especially in business, means to offer a lower price for something.
尤其是在商业中，意思是为某物提供一个较低的价格。
So, for example, I have a company and this person has a company, and we are both bidding;
例如，我有一个公司，这个人有一个公司，我们都在竞标；
we're both making offers for our contract with the government.
我们都在为我们与政府的合同出价。
This guy says he'll provide them with whatever the product is for $10 per unit.
这个人说他会提供每件10美元的产品。
Now, $10, he's making a little bit of a profit. I say to the government: "Okay, I will do it for $9."
现在，10美元，他可以赚一些钱。我对政府说：“好吧，我以9美元单价提供产品。”
$9, I make almost no profit, but I get in with the government and I'll do something else with them later.
9美元，我几乎没有利润，但是我和政府达成合作，以后可以再次合作。
So I undercut my competition by offering a price that he or she can't afford. Right?
所以我提供了一个他或她负担不起的价格来削弱竞争对手。
"Undercut" - offer for much less, and especially when you're talking about competition.
“低价出售”——以更低的价格出售，尤其是当你在谈论竞争的时候。
"Undermine", now this one is very hard to guess because "mine": "Oh, it's mine.
“Undermine”，它的意思很难猜，因为“mine”：“哦，这是我的。”
Like, this pen is mine", but that's not what it means here.
比如，这支笔是我的，但是在这里不是这个意思。
To "undermine" means to be tricky or sneaky about something.
“暗中破坏”是指做某事时很狡猾或鬼鬼祟祟。
So, both me and my friend here want to get a promotion at a company, so I will undermine him.
所以，我和我的朋友都想在一家公司获得晋升，所以我要暗中破坏。
I will go to the boss or I will go to the manager and I'll say, you know: "This person, he cheated on his last report.
我会去找老板或经理，我会说：“这个人，他在上一份报告上作假了。
He didn't actually make that many sales." So I undermine his chances of promotion.
实际上，他并没有卖出那么多东西。”所以我破坏了他晋升的机会。
I'm a little bit tricky, I'm a little bit sneaky,
我有点狡猾，有点鬼鬼祟祟，
I do something a little bit bad to make him or her look worse, and I get the promotion. Okay?
我做了一些不好的事情让他或她看起来更糟，然后我得到了晋升。
So these are all verbs. Now, we also have adjectives that are a little bit difficult to guess.
这些都是动词。现在，我们也有一些很难猜出的形容词。
If something is "understated" it means it's a bit more subtle or delicate.
如果某件事是“understated”，意思是它有一些不易察觉。
So, "subtle" doesn't... isn't spelled like it sounds, so I'll write it for you.
“subtle”的拼写不像它的发音那样，我来写下来吧。
If something is subtle, it's not... it's not very obvious. Okay?
如果某件事不易察觉，它不...它不是很明显。
So, if someone... if a woman is wearing an understated dress, it means...
如果某人...如果一个女人穿着一件低调的裙子，意思是...
like, let's say she's very rich or she has a very good body,
假设她很富有，或者她有一个很好的身体，
but her dress is understated means it's not too showy or it doesn't show off her body too much.
但是她的裙子是低调的，意思是它不太炫耀或者不太炫耀她的身体。
It's just enough to be nice, but not enough to, like, shout for attention. Okay? It's a good word, actually.
看起来不错，但还不足以吸引别人的注意。事实上，这是个好词。
"Underhanded", it doesn't mean the bottom of your hand or the bottom of your hand; depends which way you hold it.
“卑劣的”,它不是指你的手的底部；这取决于你那它的方式。
"Underhanded" is also a little bit like "undermine".
Underhanded有点像undermine。
"Undermine" is a verb; "underhanded" is an adjective.
Undermine是动词；underhanded是形容词。
If you're doing something that is underhanded, it's sneaky or tricky. It's not really nice.
如果你做的事情是不光明正大的，那就是鬼鬼祟祟的。不是很好。
It's a little bit of a cheating way to get a certain goal or result, etc.
它是为了达到某个目标或结果，采取的有点像欺骗的方式。
And then we have nouns. Now, we had "undertake" basically means to do. "Undertaker" - completely unrelated.
然后是名词。现在，“undertake”的基本意思是做。“Undertaker”和它完全没关系。
An "undertaker" is a person who prepares dead bodies for burial.
殡仪员是准备埋葬尸体的人。
So, when a person dies, the family sends the body to the funeral home,
所以，当一个人死了，他的家人会把他的尸体送到殡仪馆，
or the undertaker comes to their house and takes the body, and prepares it;
或是 殡仪员去他们的家、把尸体领走，去做准备。
like, if it does makeup, or if it dresses it - again, different cultures, different ceremonies,
比如，是否化妆，是否打扮，再说一次，世界上有不同的文化，不同的仪式，
but the undertaker is that person who handles the dead body.
殡仪员是处理尸体的人。
Okay? An "understudy"... it's.... Again, it's not a verb, even though "study" is a verb.
“候补演员”，它是，它不是动词，尽管“学习”是动词。
An "understudy" is a noun, and when you have, like, a play and you have an actor or actress who has the lead role...
“understudy”是一个名词，当你在拍一个戏剧，你有一个男演员或女演员来演主角，
now, the company that is producing the play wants to make sure that nothing happens;
制作这部剧的公司希望确保不会出状况；
like the show will go on, so they have an understudy.
比如演出要一直继续，所以他们会有一个候补演员。
This is a person who studies all the same lines, and practices and rehearses the same as the main character.
候补演员会学习所有相同的台词，和主角一样实践和排练。
If something bad happens to the main actor or actress, the understudy can come in and take over until the main actor comes back.
如果男主角或女主角发生了不好的事情，替补演员可以接替，直到主角回来。
"Underworld". It could literally mean "underworld", like Hell,
来看“Underworld”。它的字面意思是“阴间”，比如地狱，
like underneath our world there's another world where the Devil lives or dead souls go to live;
就像在我们的世界下面，有另一个世界，魔鬼生活在那里或者死去的灵魂去那里生活；
but in everyday use, it means, like, the criminal world.
但在日常生活中，它的意思是罪犯世界。
If you think about mafia or gangs, things like that - criminals live in a different type of world;
如果你想想黑手党或帮派之类的东西——罪犯生活在一个不同的世界里；
it's called the underworld. And then "underwriter".
它叫做罪犯世界。再来看“underwriter”。
If you're talk... if you're thinking about business, an "underwriter" is a person who will guarantee a loan.
如果你说...如果你在考虑做生意，“担保人”就是为贷款提供担保的人。
So, usually you're talking about insurance companies or banks, so if they have...
所以，通常你谈论的是保险公司或银行，所以如果他们有...
if you take out a loan, somebody will underwrite your loan.
如果你申请贷款，有人会担保你的贷款。
So if you can't make the payment, the bank doesn't worry about it
如果你不能偿还，银行不会担心，
because somebody else will make the payment, and you'll pay that person back later. Okay?
因为其他人会偿还，而你稍后会把钱还给那个人。
So, again, a lot of these words you can guess. The ones that you can't guess, hopefully I made them a bit clear here.
所以，很多单词你都能猜到。你们猜不到的那些词，我希望在这里讲清楚了。
But, again, use the dictionary. If you're not sure what a word means, don't guess.
但是，再说一次，使用字典。如果你不确定一个单词的意思，不要猜。
Confirm in the dictionary or ask a native speaker who knows it, and make sure you know all these words.
在字典里确认一下，或者问一个以英语为母语的人，确保你知道所有这些单词。
But in case you did get all these and you want to make sure you practice them, please go to www.engvid.com.
但是如果你真的做到了这些并且你想要确保你练习了，请登陆www.engvid.com。
There's a quiz where I will quiz you on all these words; make sure you actually understood them.
有一个小测验，我将测验你所有这些单词；确保你真正理解了他们。
And, of course, don't forget you can ask me all the questions you want; I'll be happy to explain these words or other words like them.
当然，别忘了你可以问我所有你想问的问题；我很乐意解释这些词或其他类似的词。
And don't forget to come back and subscribe to my channel, give me a like if you like the video,
别忘了回来订阅我的频道，如果你喜欢这个视频，请给我点赞。
and I'll see you again soon with more vocab, grammar, and other lessons. Bye-bye.
我们很快会再见面，学习更多的词汇，语法和其他课程。再见。
