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Hey there! I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater. And today we'll be talking about brave heroes,
嘿 大家好 我是迈克·鲁格内塔 这里是“戏剧速成课堂” 今天我们要讲的内容有：勇敢的英雄、
scheming villains, scorching fires, convulsing earthquakes, spooktacular ghosts, and grave robbing.
诡计多端的恶棍、炽热的大火、剧烈的地震、幽灵般的鬼魂、还有盗墓贼
Oh wait. No, that's just grave robbing.
哦 等下 不 这就是盗墓贼
Yep, today is all about melodrama, the form that body-slammed 19th century theater and still dominates entertainment culture today.
没错 今天我们要讲的是“音乐剧” 这种戏剧在19世纪风靡一时 至今仍是娱乐文化的主导
Melodrama is crude. It's exciting. It's funny, and sad and morally simplistic.
音乐剧很原生态、刺激、有趣、悲伤、道德上过分简单化、
Its endings are satisfying and the scenery is off the hook.
结局符合观众期待 舞台布景简直开了挂
And wow, is there a lot of musical accompaniment. That's the law literally.
而且 哇 有超多的音乐伴奏 因为受法律限制的原因
So sit back, grab a meat pie, and try to not get hit by any runaway chariots, lights up.
所以 请回到各自的座位上 备好肉派 尽量避开逃亡的马车 好戏要上演了！
Melodrama gets going right at the turn of the 19th century, about a decade after the french revolution and a few decades after the American one.
音乐剧是在19世纪交替之际发展起来的 大概在法国大革命发生的十年后、美国大革命发生的几十年后
It borrows from sentimental comedy and bourgeois tragedy but is way more about showing the audience a good time.
音乐剧借鉴了“情感喜剧”和“中产阶级悲剧” 只不过它向观众展示的更多的是美好的时光
Sometimes that good time includes dogs. That's right. There is a whole sub-genre of dog melodrama.
有的时候这种美好的时光也包括狗狗在内 没错 音乐剧有一整个分支是用来讲狗的
What kick-starts melodrama? Well, cities are getting bigger faster, which creates a newly urbanized working class.
是什么促使了音乐剧的出现？是的 随着城市的不断扩张 一个新的城市化的工人阶级脱颖而出
And that urbanized working class wants to go to the theater.
他们也想去剧院听曲儿
And what's more, they want a theater that's not especially literary, because they're not especially literate.
而且 他们不想去那种特别文艺范儿的剧院 因为他们本身文化程度不高
What they want is melodrama. It's not highbrow.
而音乐剧正好满足了他们 所以音乐剧不是给知识分子看的
Highbrows at this time mostly stick to closeted drama, because I guess, going out is for the poorest?
那时候的知识分子都去看书斋剧(一种不适宜演出,只供阅读欣赏的文学剧本)了 所以我猜测 出去看剧的都是穷人？
Regardless, melodrama is an incredibly successful and well attended form then and now.
不管怎么说 音乐剧在当时以及现在都非常受欢迎
What do you think 90% of hollywood movies are? Well, yeah, I mean I guess they are gujaratis, but you know, very different sense.
你以为90%的好莱坞电影是什么？嗯 是的 我是说 我想他们是古吉拉特人 但是你知道 感觉上很不一样
It's significant that melodrama starts in a period between revolutions, after the 18th century ones but before most of the 19th century ones.
值得注意的是 音乐剧始于各种革命爆发之间的那段时期 在18世纪革命之后 但在19世纪大多革命之前
Melodrama has all the emotional fervor of revolutionary art, but it dulls and contains that fervor with comforting moral sentiments.
所以音乐剧含有那种革命艺术的炽热激情 不过它那令人欣慰的道德情操令这种炽热的激情变得索然无味
Basically, it's a conservative form that feels like a radical one. It's some sound and fury signifying not much.
说白了 它是一种感觉上很激进但实际却很保守的艺术形式 那些喧嚣啊骚动啊都没有太大的意义
As the 19th century playwright charles nadie wrote:
正如19世纪的剧作家查尔斯·纳迪写道：
It reminds people that even here on earth virtue is never without recompense, crime is never without punishment.
它提醒人们 做好事终究会有好报 而做坏事终究会受到惩罚
Melodrama begins in France. The father of melodrama and the first to introduce dogs is...
音乐剧始于法国 而音乐剧之父 也是第一个把狗引进来的人 就是
And i'm sorry about this, Rene Chasles Guilbestde Pixesecanst, again, i'm very sorry.
很抱歉 是雷内·夏斯莱·葛尔贝德·皮克斯利库 再次抱歉
A guy who describes himself as having a soul in flames, a tender heart of fiery imagination and a proud and independent temperament.
他把自己描述为一个灵魂在火焰里燃烧的人 一颗温柔的心充满了火热的想象力 外带一种骄傲孤立的气质
I'm sure his friends were shocked at his melodramatic works.
我相信他的朋友会被他那夸张的作品震惊到体无完肤
Anyway, he was a minor aristocrat who fled during the revolution, probably because of an anti jacobin play that he wrote.
不管怎么说 人家也是个小贵族 在革命期间逃亡了 大概归因于他写的一部反对雅各宾派的戏剧
After returning, he starts writing less controversial plays, including the gog of montarges,
回国后 他开始创作争议性较小的戏剧 其中有《蒙塔日的高格》
a story of a hound who brings suspicion upon his masters murderer and who at the kings order fights the killer,
讲的是一只猎犬的故事 它让谋杀主人的凶手露出马脚 并在国王的命令下和凶手进行搏斗
This play makes Goethe so mad that he asks to be dismissed from the theater that stages it.
后来这部剧把歌德逼疯了 扬言要将他赶出演出这部剧的剧院
Pixesecanst may or may not have said that he wrote his plays for those who cannot read,
皮克斯利库并没有说自己的戏剧是写给文盲看的
But he definitely pioneered the combination of moral instruction and man verse dog trial by combat.
不过他当之无愧是把道德教育和人与狗的斗争结合起来的先驱
Pixesecanst, of course, plays are eventually exported to england and melodrama really takes off. Blame the lord chamberlain.
皮克斯利库的戏剧作品 当然 最终出口到了英国 音乐剧也是在那里真正起飞 这要怪某些个宫内大臣
As you'll remember from our episode on sentimental drama, the licensing act of 1737 means that
大家应该还记得我们在讲感伤剧的那一集里讲到过1737年颁布的《戏剧许可法案》 该法案规定
Only two theaters in London are licensed to provide serious drama with a third in the summer months.
伦敦只有两家剧院被允许表演正剧 另外还有一家剧院可以在夏季的几个月里表演
That's not enough theater. People want more theater.
而这远远不够 人们需要更多的剧院
And the easiest way to get around the licensing act and thus staged more performance is to put on alternatives to spoken drama,
而要想规避许可法案、出演更多戏剧 最简单的办法就是用别的表演方式来替代话剧
Alternatives like operas or musicals or maybe you just take a normal play and stuff it with some incidental music. That's what people do.
比如歌剧或者音乐剧 或者你只需要在一场普通的戏剧演出里附带一些音乐 这也正是那些剧院采取的方式
Voila melodrama. No license required.
瞧 音乐剧就是这么来的 俺们不需要许可证
Eventually melodrama becomes so popular that the licensed theaters basically have no choice but to produce it as well.
后来音乐剧大受欢迎 以至于让有许可证的剧院变得别无选择 只能也去搞音乐剧
Of course, melodrama isn't just a play with music. I mean, literally it is.
当然 音乐剧不仅仅是一种有音乐的表演 虽然直译过来确实是这个意思
Mellow is greek for music and drama from the greek drama is, latin for play. But melodrama has more to it than that.
“Mellow”在希腊语里是“音乐”的意思 “drama”在希腊语里是“戏剧”的意思 在拉丁语里是“表演”的意思 但是音乐剧的含义远不止于此
These plays tell exciting stories that almost always have a happy ending where good characters get rewarded
音乐剧讲述的都是一些令人兴奋的故事 结局大都是美好的 好人有好报
and bad characters get punished and all of the dogs get treats for revenge as the case may be.
坏人有恶报 甚至连所有的狗儿们也会因复仇而得到奖励 视情况而定吧
There are six stock characters in melodrama: The mean villain, the sensitive hero, the persecuted heroine, the clown, the faithful friend, and the villains accomplice.
音乐剧有六种固定的角色：刻薄的恶棍、敏感的英雄、受迫害的女主人公、小丑、忠实的朋友以及恶棍的帮凶
Audiences were encouraged to cheer and boo where appropriate and musical accompaniment helped them out.
观众被鼓励在特定音乐响起的时候拍手叫好或者发出嘘声 因为不同的音乐伴奏预警也各不相同
The contrabass accompanied the villain, the trumpet played for the hero,
低音提琴声意味着恶棍来了 喇叭只为英雄吹奏
the flute signaled the heroine, and the clown got stuck with the bassoon, because bassoons are hilarious.
长笛声代表女英雄 巴松管响起说明小丑被困住了 因为巴松管比较滑稽
At certain moments, the actors would pause while music played
在某些特定的时刻演员会突然挺住 不过音乐会继续
so that audiences could have a moment to appreciate just how exciting the situation was, and how awesome the actors looked.
这样观众就能有时间来欣赏场景有多么的激动人心 演员们有多么的棒
These moments called tableau, are kind of like the held poses in kabuki.
而这种时刻被称为“静态画面” 有点像歌舞伎的固定姿势
Acting in melodrama was exaggerated, designed to appeal to the emotions.
音乐剧的表演很夸张 是为了迎合情感而设计的
And it had to be. We're gonna make 3,000 distractible people listen in an age before microphones.
而且必须这样 因为我们得让3000名注意力不集中的观众在没有麦克风的年代集中注意力看剧
