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Hello, I'm John Russell.
大家好，我是约翰·罗素。
So far in this series, we have explored consonant sounds and how they differ in terms of the place of articulation and the manner of articulation.
到目前为止在这个系列中，我们已经探索了辅音，以及它们在发音位置和发音方式上的不同之处。
Place of articulation refers to where you put your lips or tongue to make a sound.
发音的地方是指你的嘴唇或舌头发出声音的地方。
Manner of articulation means how the airstream is blocked or changed to make a sound.
发音方式是指气流如何被阻塞或改变而发出声音的。
But consonant sounds of American English can differ from each other in another very important way: voicing.
但美式英语的辅音发音还有一个非常不一样的地方：声带。
Voicing refers to the movement of your vocal cords - groups of muscles in your neck.
Voicing指的是声带也就是脖子上肌肉群的运动。
The difference between many consonant sounds comes down to if your vocal cords move, when you make the sound.
许多辅音的区别在于，当你发声时，你的声带是否会震动。
Consider the /f/ and /v/ sounds.
想一下/f/ 和 /v/的发音。
/f/ as in fair and /v/ as in vein.
/f/的音比如fair（公平的），/v/的音比如vein（静脉）。
/f/ is voiceless, my vocal cords do not move when I make the sound.
/f/的音是不发出声音的，当我发音时，我的声带是不震动的。
/v/ is voiced, my vocal cords move when I make the sound.
/v/的音是有声音的，当我发音时，我的声带是震动的。
Try to make the /f/ sound with me,
试着和我一起发/f/这个音，
and put your hands up against your neck, /f/.
把你的手放在脖子上，/f/。
Now, let's switch to the /v/ sound, /v/.
现在让我们切换到/v/的音，/v/。
Now, let's switch between the two of them.
现在让我们在两者之间切换。
You will know you are making the sound correctly, when you feel your vocal cords move during the /v/ sound.
当你感觉你的声带在发/v/的音时震动，你的发音就是正确的。
A common problem for English learners is that many of them do not voice consonance at the ends of words.
英语学习者普遍存在的一个问题是，许多人在单词的末尾不发出声音。
For example, they might say "belief(voiceless)" instead of "believe(voiced)".
例如，他们可能会说“belief”而不是“believe”。
The only difference between the two words is in the voicing at the end of the word. (belief, believe)
这两个词之间唯一的区别是词尾的发音。
Or consider this example: leaf(voiceless), leave(voiced).
想一下这个例子：leaf（没有声音的），leave（有声音的）。
Once again, the only difference is in terms of the voicing.
再说一次，唯一的区别在于是否发出声音。
Keep up the good work.
继续加油吧。
