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Hello, I'm John Russell.
大家好，我是约翰·罗素。
In previous videos, we explored voicing and fricative sounds.
在前面的视频中，我们探索了浊音和摩擦音。
But in today's video, we will examine what happens when these two ideas cross paths.
但在今天的视频中，我们将研究这两种情况相遇时，会发生什么。
If you haven't seen those videos, here is a quick reminder.
如果你还没有看过那些视频，给你一个快速提醒。
Voicing refers to movement of the vocal cords.
浊音是指声带的运动。
A sound is voiced if your vocal cords move, when you make a a sound.
当你发音时，你的声带移动了，那就是浊音。
A sound is voiceless if your vocal cords do not move when you make a sound.
当你发音时，声带没有移动，那就是清音。
Fricatives are sounds that involve a partial obstruction of the airstream.
摩擦音是指气流受到部分阻碍而发出的声音。
For example: sounds such as /f/ and /v/ are fricatives.
例如：/f/ 和 /v/就是摩擦音。
How do fricatives connect with voicing, you might ask?
你可能会问，摩擦音和浊音有什么关系？
There are eight fricative sounds in English.
英语中有8个摩擦音。
Four are voiced. The other four are voiceless.
四个是浊音（声带震动）。另外四个是清音（声带不震动）。
They are /f/ /v/ /si/ /zi/ /s/ /z/ /sh/ /ri/.(注: 此音标写法为便于编辑，规范写法见视频)
它们是/f/ /v/ /si/ /zi/ /s/ /z/ /sh/ /ri/。(注: 此音标写法为便于编辑，规范写法见视频)
Let's explore each of these in detail.
让我们把每一个都详细研究一下。
Our first two sounds involve the bottom lip and upper teeth.
前两个音涉及到下嘴唇和上牙齿。
/f/ is voiceless.
/f/是清辅音。
I don't feel my vocal chords move
我感受不到声带震动。
/v/ is a voiced sound. I feel my vocal cords move.
/v/是浊辅音，我能感受到声带震动。
Now, let's continue with fricatives made with the tongue between the teeth.
现在，让我们继续讲摩擦音，舌头和牙齿之间发出的音。
/si/ is voiceless, /zi/ is voiced.
/si/是没有声音的（清音），/zi/是有声音的（浊音）。
And then we have fricative sounds made with the tip of the tongue and the area at the top of your mouth, not far hebind your front teeth.
还有用舌尖和口腔顶部离门牙不远的地方发出的摩擦音。
/s/ is voiceless, /z/ is voiced.
/s/是没有声音的（清音），/z/是有声音的（浊音）。
And finally, we have fricative sounds made with the tongue and the top and middle part of your mouth.
最后，还有用舌头和嘴的上半部分发出的摩擦音。
/sh/ is voiceless, /ri/ is voiced.
/sh/是没有声音的（清音），/ri/是有声音的（浊音）。
You should test yourself with all of these sounds that we have explored today.
你应该用我们今天探索的所有这些声音来检验一下自己。
When you make a sound, do you feel your vocal chords move?
当你发出声音时，你感觉到你的声带在震动吗？
If it is a voiced sound, but you don't feel your vocal chords moving, then you might need to practice more with the sound.
如果是一个浊音，但你感觉不到你的声带在震动，那么你可能需要更多地练习这个声音。
That's all for today.
以上就是今天的全部内容。
Keep up the good work.
继续加油吧。
