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Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil. And I’m Beth.
你好。这里是BBC英语六分钟。我是尼尔。我是贝丝。
Beth, what do you think about when I say the word octopus?
贝丝，我说章鱼的时候你在想什么?
Well, I know they're intelligent, they can change colour to hide in their surroundings, and of course, they have 8 arms.
嗯，我知道它们很聪明，它们可以改变颜色来隐藏在周围的环境中，当然，它们有8条手臂。
But, I have to admit, I also think they about how they taste – delicious.
但是，我不得不承认，我也会考虑它们的味道——美味可口。
I think so too, as do plenty of other people.
我也这么认为，很多人也这么认为。
Octopus is most commonly eaten in South Korea, Spain, Portugal and Japan where they can't get enough of that umami flavour.
章鱼最常在韩国、西班牙、葡萄牙和日本食用，在这些国家，人们吃不到足够的鲜味。
Umami is one of the 5 basic tastes and is a savoury flavour.
鲜味是五种基本味道之一，是一种咸味。
Until recently, octopus has only been caught in the wild.
直到最近，人们还只在野外捕捉章鱼。
But now, a Spanish multinational company has announced it will be ready to sell farmed octopus soon, which campaigners have described as 'ethically and ecologically unjustified'.
但现在，一家西班牙跨国公司宣布，它将很快准备出售养殖章鱼，活动人士称这种做法“在道德和生态上都是不合理的”。
This is because octopuses are sentient, an adjective describing a thing that experiences feelings, like pleasure and pain.
这是因为章鱼是有知觉的，这是一个形容词，用来描述一种有感觉的东西，比如会快乐和痛苦。
Humans and many other animals, like pigs, monkeys and birds, are also sentient.
人类和许多其他动物，如猪、猴子和鸟类，也有知觉。
So, is it OK to farm octopus when they have been shown to experience feelings?
那么，当章鱼被证明有感情时，还可以养殖它们吗?
In this programme, we’ll be discussing whether farming octopus can ever be ethical, and, as usual, we’ll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well.
在本期节目中，我们将讨论养殖章鱼是否合乎道德，而且，像往常一样，我们也将学习一些有用的新词汇。
But first I have a question for you, Beth.
但首先我有个问题要问你，贝丝。
Octopuses are known for their ability to problem solve and, when kept in tanks, have been known to escape.
章鱼以其解决问题的能力而闻名，当它们被关在水箱里时，它们会逃跑。
But, where did Inky the octopus go when he broke out of his tank at the New Zealand National Aquarium in 2016?
但是，2016年，当章鱼墨墨从新西兰国家水族馆的水箱里出来时，它去了哪里?
Was it: a) down a drain into the Pacific Ocean? b) to the tank of a female octopus? or c) to the aquarium car park?
是a)钻进了通向太平洋的排水沟? b)雌性章鱼的鱼缸? 还是c)去了水族馆停车场?
Hmm, I’ll guess he went to the tank of a female octopus.
我猜他是去雌章鱼的鱼缸里了。
OK, Beth, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.
好的，贝丝，稍后我会在节目中揭晓答案。
In many countries, it's not easy to find octopus in shops, but if plans for farmed octopus go ahead, you're much more likely to see it in the supermarket.
在许多国家，商店里不容易买到章鱼，但如果计划养殖章鱼，你更有可能在超市里看到它。
Claire Marshall, who has been reporting on the octopus farm story since 2019, explains why octopuses have not been farmed before, as she told BBC World Service programme, The Food Chain:
克莱尔·马歇尔自2019年以来一直在报道章鱼养殖场的故事，她在接受BBC世界服务节目《食物链》采访时解释了为什么以前没有人养殖章鱼:
They've got an incredibly complex life cycle and it's, scientists have been sort of working feverishly to try to close that life cycle, particularly in Mexico and Japan and obviously now Spain.
它们有着极其复杂的生命周期，科学家们一直在狂热地研究，试图关闭这个生命周期，特别是在墨西哥和日本，现在显然还有西班牙。
They need live food – the larvae.
它们需要活的食物——幼虫。
And also octopuses are incredibly solitary and it just makes it really hard to manage to basically keep them in captivity at a commercial scale.
而且章鱼是非常独居的，这使得对它们进行商业规模的圈养变得非常困难。
Octopuses are difficult to farm because they have a complex life cycle, the series of changes an animal goes through, starting with birth and ending in death.
章鱼很难养殖，因为它们有一个复杂的生命周期，动物经历的一系列变化，从出生到死亡。
Unlike traditional farmed animals like chickens and pigs, who are social animals and can be kept together, octopus are solitary – meaning they like to live alone.
像鸡和猪这样的传统农场动物是群居动物，可以聚在一起，而章鱼是独居动物，这意味着它们喜欢独自生活。
This makes keeping them in captivity very difficult because of space.
有限的空间使得圈养它们变得非常困难。
If an animal lives in captivity, it is kept somewhere and not allowed to leave, even if it wants to – like in a zoo.
如果一只动物被圈养，它就会被关在某个地方，即使它想离开也不行——比如在动物园里。
But it's not only space that is a problem when it comes to farming octopus.
但在养殖章鱼时，不仅仅是空间问题。
It's their capacity to feel emotions as well.
还有它们感受情绪的能力。
Scientific researcher, Dr Heather Browning, has been studying the sentience of octopuses for a British government commissioned report.
科学家希瑟·布朗宁博士一直在为英国政府委托的一份报告研究章鱼的感知能力。
She shared the report findings with Ruth Alexander, presenter of BBC Radio 4 programme, The Food Chain:
她与BBC广播4台节目《食物链》的主持人露丝·亚历山大分享了这份报告的发现:
So, we wanted to look at whether they had specific kinds of nerve connections.
所以，我们想看看它们是否有特定类型的神经连接。
Or if they have specific kinds of brains, and whether they were capable of performing certain kinds of trade-off behaviours or pain-related behaviours, learning behaviours that we thought would correlate with the probability of sentience.
或者它们是否有特定类型的大脑，以及他们是否能够进行某种权衡行为或与疼痛相关的行为，以及我们认为与感知概率相关的学习行为。
And what we found with octopuses in particular is they seemed to meet many of the criteria that we laid out.
我们在章鱼身上发现，它们似乎符合我们列出的许多标准。
The scientists found that octopuses do experience feelings because they show typical characteristics of sentient creatures, such as trade-off behaviour.
科学家们发现章鱼确实有感觉，因为它们表现出了有知觉生物的典型特征，比如权衡行为。
Trade off means giving up one thing in return for another, such as giving up shelter for food.
权衡的意思是放弃一件东西来换取另一件东西，比如放弃住所来换取食物。
So it looks like the debate about whether it’s OK to farm and eat octopuses will continue…
所以看起来关于是否可以养殖和食用章鱼的争论还会继续下去……
OK, Beth. I think it’s time I revealed the answer to my question.
好吧，贝丝。我想是时候揭晓我问题的答案了。
I asked you where Inky the octopus went when he escaped his tank at the New Zealand National Aquarium.
我问你章鱼墨墨从新西兰国家水族馆的水箱里逃出来后去了哪里。
And I said it was to the tank of a female octopus.
我回答说去了一只雌性章鱼的鱼缸。
And that was… the wrong answer I'm afraid!
恐怕这个答案是错误的!
In fact, Inky the octopus was trying to reach the tank of a female, but he found a drain instead, which lead straight to the Pacific Ocean!
事实上，这只名叫墨墨的章鱼本来是想抵达一只雌章鱼的水箱，但它却发现了一个排水沟，可以直接通向太平洋!
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned from this programme, starting with umami, the flavour octopus has which can be described as savoury and is one of the five basic tastes.
好了，让我们回顾一下今天节目中学到的词汇，从鲜味开始，章鱼的味道可以用“咸味”来形容，是五种基本味道之一。
If something is sentient, it experiences feelings such as joy and pain.
如果某物是有知觉的，它会经历快乐和痛苦等感受。
Life cycle is the series of changes something goes through from birth to death.
生命周期是事物从出生到死亡所经历的一系列变化。
If something is solitary it likes to live alone.
如果某物是独居的，它喜欢独自生活。
In captivity means an animal is kept somewhere and is not allowed to leave.
圈养是指动物被关在某个地方，不允许离开。
And finally, trade-off means to exchange one thing for another.
最后，权衡是指用一件东西交换另一件东西。
Once again our six minutes are up.
我们的六分钟又到了。
Join us again soon for more useful vocabulary, here at 6 Minute English!
欢迎再次收听我们的节目，学习更多有用的词汇。
Goodbye for now! Bye!
再见了! 再见!
