There was, however, one programmer who was infusing the project with some life: Bill Atkinson. He was a doctoral student in neuroscience who had experimented with his fair share of acid. When he was asked to come work for Apple, he declined. But then Apple sent him a nonrefundable plane ticket, and he decided to use it and let Jobs try to persuade him. “We are inventing the future,” Jobs told him at the end of a three-hour pitch. “Think about surfing on the front edge of a wave. It’s really exhilarating. Now think about dog-paddling at the tail end of that wave. It wouldn’t be anywhere near as much fun. Come down here and make a dent in the universe.” Atkinson did.

然而，有一名叫比尔·阿特金森（BillAtkinson）的程序员给这个项目注入了一些活力。他是神经系统科学专业的博士生，也尝试过不少迷幻剂。最初受邀加入苹果的时候，他拒绝了。但是后来苹果公司给他寄去一张不可退票的机票，于是他决定用上这张机票，让乔布斯设法说服他。“我们正在创造未来，”乔布斯在长达3个小时的劝说接近尾声时表示，“想象一下在海浪的最前端冲浪是什么感觉，一定很兴奋刺激吧；再想象一下在浪的末尾学狗刨游泳，一点儿意思都没有。来苹果吧，你可以吸引全世界的目光。”阿特金森入伙了。

With his shaggy hair and droopy moustache that did not hide the animation in his face, Atkinson had some of Woz’s ingenuity along with Jobs’s passion for awesome products. His first job was to develop a program to track a stock portfolio by auto-dialing the Dow Jones service, getting quotes, then hanging up. “I had to create it fast because there was a magazine ad for the Apple II showing a hubby at the kitchen table looking at an Apple screen filled with graphs of stock prices, and his wife is beaming at him—but there wasn’t such a program, so I had to create one.” Next he created for the Apple II a version of Pascal, a high-level programming language. Jobs had resisted, thinking that BASIC was all the Apple II needed, but he told Atkinson, “Since you’re so passionate about it, I’ll give you six days to prove me wrong.” He did, and Jobs respected him ever after.

蓬松的头发和长长的胡子并不能掩盖阿特金森脸上的活力，他有着沃兹的创造天赋和乔布斯追求卓越产品的热情。他的第一份工作是开发一个程序，该程序可以自动拨打道琼斯的服务热线，获取报价，然后挂断电话，以此来追踪股票投资组合。“我必须尽快完成，因为一本杂志刊登的AppleII广告上出现了这样的场景：丈夫在厨房的餐桌旁盯着满是股价图表的AppleII屏幕，而妻子正对着他微笑——实际上根本就没有这样的程序，所以我必须创造一个。”接下来他又成功地将Pascal语言移植到AppleII上，这是一种髙级编程语言。乔布斯起初很抵制Pascal，因为他觉得AppleII有BASIC就足够了，但他告诉阿特金森：“既然你对这个有这么大的热情，我就给你6天时间来证明我是错的。”阿特金森做到了，从此乔布斯对他很是尊敬。

By the fall of 1979 Apple was breeding three ponies to be potential successors to the Apple II workhorse. There was the ill-fated Apple III. There was the Lisa project, which was beginning to disappoint Jobs. And somewhere off Jobs’s radar screen, at least for the moment, there was a small skunkworks project for a low-cost machine that was being developed by a colorful employee named Jef Raskin, a former professor who had taught Bill Atkinson. Raskin’s goal was to make an inexpensive “computer for the masses” that would be like an appliance—a self-contained unit with computer, keyboard, monitor, and software all together—and have a graphical interface. He tried to turn his colleagues at Apple on to a cutting-edge research center, right in Palo Alto, that was pioneering such ideas.

到1979年的秋天，AppleII的潜在继任者已经有了三种机型。有命运凄惨的AppleIII，还有已经开始让乔布斯失望的丽萨项目。另外一个是乔布斯当时还不知道的一个小项目。这个项目致力于制造一款廉价的电脑，研发代号为“安妮”（Annie），开发者名叫杰夫·拉斯金（JefRaskin）,他曾是个教授，还教过比尔·阿特金森。拉斯金的目栋是制造价格低廉、就像家用电器一样的“大众电脑”——整合了电脑、键盘、显示器和软件的全功能设备——并且拥有图形界面。他试图让苹果的同事们关注一家优秀的研究中心，这家研究中心就坐落在帕洛奥图，是图形界面技术的先驱。

Xerox PARC

施乐PARC

The Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center, known as Xerox PARC, had been established in 1970 to create a spawning ground for digital ideas. It was safely located, for better and for worse, three thousand miles from the commercial pressures of Xerox corporate headquarters in Connecticut. Among its visionaries was the scientist Alan Kay, who had two great maxims that Jobs embraced: “The best way to predict the future is to invent it” and “People who are serious about software should make their own hardware.” Kay pushed the vision of a small personal computer, dubbed the “Dynabook,” that would be easy enough for children to use. So Xerox PARC’s engineers began to develop user-friendly graphics that could replace all of the command lines and DOS prompts that made computer screens intimidating. The metaphor they came up with was that of a desktop. The screen could have many documents and folders on it, and you could use a mouse to point and click on the one you wanted to use.

施乐公司的帕洛奥图研究中心（PaloAltoResearchCenter）——常被叫做“施乐PARC”——成立于1970年，目的是为数字领域的创想提供成长环境。这里距离康涅狄格州的施乐公司总部3000英里，无论是好是坏，都脱离了那里的商业压力。工作在这里的诸多梦想家中，有一位叫做艾伦·凯（AlanKay）的科学家，他的两句格言深得乔布斯认同：“预见未来最好的方式就是亲手创造未来”以及“对待软件严肃认真的人，应该制造自己专属的硬件”。凯推出了小型个人电脑的理念，他称之为“动态笔记本”（Dynabook），使用简便，即便是小孩子也能轻松操作。于是，施乐MRC的工程师们开始研发友好的用户图形界面，以取代电脑屏幕上那些拒人于千里之外的命令行和DOS提示符。他们想到，可以把桌面的概念应用到屏幕上。屏幕上会有很多文件和文件夹，用户可以使用鼠标指向并点击自己想要使用的内容。

This graphical user interface—or GUI, pronounced “gooey”—was facilitated by another concept pioneered at Xerox PARC: bitmapping. Until then, most computers were character-based. You would type a character on a keyboard, and the computer would generate that character on the screen, usually in glowing greenish phosphor against a dark background. Since there were a limited number of letters, numerals, and symbols, it didn’t take a whole lot of computer code or processing power to accomplish this. In a bitmap system, on the other hand, each and every pixel on the screen is controlled by bits in the computer’s memory. To render something on the screen, such as a letter, the computer has to tell each pixel to be light or dark or, in the case of color displays, what color to be. This uses a lot of computing power, but it permits gorgeous graphics, fonts, and gee-whiz screen displays.

图形用户界面——也就是GUI——的发展，也受到了当时施乐PARC另一个先锋概念“位图显示”的推动。那个时候，大多数电脑还是基于字符的。你在键盘上输入一个字符，计算机就会在屏幕上显示那个字符，通常是荧光绿色的字符衬上深色的背景。因为字母、数字、符号的数量是有限的，所以这样的显示方式并不需要大量的电脑代码或是很强的处理器性能。位图显示则相反，屏幕上的每一个像素都是由电脑内存控制的。要在屏幕上显示某些内容——比如一个字母——电脑就要控制每个像素的明暗，如果是彩色显示的话，则要控制每个像素的颜色。这会占用大量的系统资源，但是能够支持炫丽的图像、字体和惊人的显本效果。